C.E. - Dualism

C.E.
     Common Era.  Another designation for dates.  It replaces A.D.  Hence, "I was born in 1960

Caesar
     A title used for a Roman emperor from about 30 B.C. to 70 A.D., derived from the line of Julian.  There were several Caesars:  Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius I, and Nero.  The word then became the title to designate the Ruler of the Roman Empire.  References to Caesar in the Bible can be found in Matt. 22:17; Luke 2:1; John 19:12; Acts 25:11-12; etc.

Calvary
     Calvary is the site of the crucifixion of Jesus.  The word derives from the translation of word calvaria in the Latin Vulgate.  Calvary was known in the New Testament as Golgotha which means "Place of the Skull" (Matt. 27:33).  It was located outside the city of Jerusalem.  

Calvinism
      A system of Christian interpretation initiated by John Calvin. It emphasizes predestination and salvation. The five points of Calvinism were developed in response to the Arminian position (See Arminianism). Calvinism teaches: 1) Total depravity: that man is touched by sin in all parts of his being: body, soul, mind, and emotions, 2) Unconditional Election: that God’s favor to Man is completely by God’s free choice and has nothing to do with Man. It is completely undeserved by Man and is not based on anything God sees in man (Eph. 1:1-11), 3) Limited atonement: that Christ did not bear the sins of every individual who ever lived, but instead only bore the sins of those who were elected into salvation (John 10:11,15), 4) Irresistible grace: that God's call to someone for salvation cannot be resisted, 5) Perseverance of the saints: that it is not possible to lose one's salvation (John 10:27-28).

Canon
      This is another word for scripture. The Canon consists of the 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New. The Canon is closed which means there is no more revelation to become Scripture.

Capital punishment
The death penalty.  The execution of a prisoner for a capital crime.  In the Bible, capital punishment was the punishment for murder (Num. 35:16), adultery (Lev. 20:10), incest (Lev. 20:11), bestiality (Lev. 20:15), homosexuality (Num. 18:22), etc.

Capital sins
     In Catholicism, the seven causes of all sin: pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, sloth

Catholic
       Universal, the entire Christian Church.  Often applied to the Roman Catholic Church.  Actually, the word simply means universal.

Causality
     The relationship between cause and effect.  The principle that all events have sufficient causes.

Chakra
     In Yoga, an alleged focal point of energy in the human body with its own frequency.  It is a Hindu term.  Supposedly, there are seven chakras located in the head, throat, chest, abdomen, groin, etc.  Chakras are often utilized in New Age practices.  See also, Aura.

Channeling
     A new age practice where a person goes into an altered state of consciousness and allows another spirit or entity to enter him/her in order to communicate to us.  According to New Age teaching, this spirit or entity can be from another dimension, the spirit realm, or from another part of the galaxy or universe.

Charismatic Gifts
      The special spiritual gifts given to the church. They are for edifying and building up the church. They are mentioned in Rom. 12, 1 Cor. 12, and 1 Cor. 14: Word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, distinguishing of spirits, tongues, interpretation of tongues.

Charity
     An archaic English form of the Greek word "agape" which means love.  The King James Version translated the Greek word for love as "charity."  See 1 Cor. 13:8-13 in the KJV for examples of this.

Cherub/Cherubim
     A type of angel usually involved in sacred work before God.  They are generally described as winged creatures with feet and hands.  The word(s) occurs over 90 times in the Old Testament and once in the New Testament at Heb. 9:5, "And above it were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat; but of these things we cannot now speak in detail."  Apparently, there are different kinds of Cherubim.  Two golden Cherubim are on the Mercy Seat (Exodus 25:18).  They were put in Eden "to guard the way of the tree of life," (Gen. 3:24).  An interested description of them is given in Ezek. 1:5-11,13,14.

Chiliasm
      Also known as millennialism.  The belief that there is a future 1000 year reign of Christ where perfect peace will reign and the Lord Jesus will be King on earth.

Christ
     Christ is a title. It is the N.T. equivalent of the O.T. term "messiah" and means "anointed one." It is applied to Jesus as the anointed one who delivers from sin. Jesus alone is the Christ. As the Christ He has three offices: Prophet, Priest, and King. As Prophet He is the mouthpiece of God (Matt. 5:27-28) and represents God to man. As Priest He represents man to God and restores fellowship between them by offering Himself as the sacrifice that removed the sin of those saved. As King He rules over His kingdom. By virtue of Christ creating all things (John 1:3; Col. 1:16-17), He has the right to rule.
      Christ has come to do the will of the Father (John 6:38), to save sinners (Luke 19:10), to fulfill the O.T. (Matt. 5:17), to destroy the works of Satan (Heb. 2:14; 1 John 3:8), and to give life (John 10:10,28). Christ is holy (Luke 1:35), righteous (Isaiah 53:11), sinless (2 Cor. 5:21), humble (Phil. 2:5-8), and forgiving (Luke 5:20; 7:48; 23:34).

Christian
      The word "Christian" comes from the Greek word christianos which is derived from the word christos, or Christ, which means "anointed one." A Christian, then, is someone who is a follower of Christ. The first use of the word "Christian" in the Bible is found in Acts 11:26, "And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." It is found only twice more in Acts 26:28 and 1 Pet. 4:16.  However, it is important to note that it is the true Christ that makes someone a Christian, not the Mormon one (brother of the devil), or the JW one (Michael the Archangel), the New Age Jesus (a man in tune with the divine Christ Consciousness), etc.  The true Christ is God in flesh (John 1:1,14; 20:28; Col. 2:9; Phil. 2:5-8; Heb. 1:8):  Jesus.

Christology
      The study of Christ (Jesus) as revealed in the Bible. Some of the issues studied are: 1) His deity, 2) His incarnation, 3) His offices (See Christ), 4) His sacrifice, 5) His resurrection, 6) His teaching, 7) His relation to God and man, and 8) His return to earth.

Church
      The word is used in two senses: the visible and the invisible church. The visible church consists of all the people that claim to be Christians and go to church. The invisible church is the actual body of Christians; those who are truly saved.
      The true church of God is not an organization on earth consisting of people and buildings, but is really a supernatural entity comprised of those who are saved by Jesus. It spans the entire time of man's existence on earth as well as all people who are called into it. We become members of the church (body of Christ) by faith (Acts 2:41). We are edified by the Word (Eph. 4:15-16), disciplined by God (Matt. 18:15-17), unified in Christ (Gal. 3:28), and sanctified by the Spirit (Eph. 5:26-27).

Circumcision
      An operation (note the shedding of blood) that entered one into the covenant in O.T. times. It was instituted by God (Gen. 17:10-14) and performed on the eighth day after birth (Luke 1:59). It was a sign of the covenant God made with Abraham (Gen. 17:12; Rom. 4:11). In the N.T. the physical operation is not practiced. Instead, a circumcision of the heart of the Christian is taught (Rom. 2:29; Col. 2:11-12). This is the true circumcision (Rom. 2:29).

Cities of refuge
     Six cities that were designated by Moses at the command of God as locations to which Israelites could flee in order to be safe from retribution of other Israelites for offenses committed against others.  Num. 35:9-16 gives a description of their purpose.  In that culture the responsibility of retribution against a family member who had been killed or seriously injured rested on the "goel," the next of kin.  The person was required to stay in the city until the death of the High Priest of that city (Num. 35:25-28).  Then he was free to return to his home and retribution was not allowed upon him.  Note they typology here.  When the high priest dies, the offender is set free.  In other words, when Jesus our High Priest died on the cross, we sinners were set free from sin.

Clergy
     Clergy are the body of people ordained to perform religious tasks.  Laity are those who are members of a religion but not of the clergy.

Codex
     An early book form made from papyri leaves cut, folded, and sewn together in the middle to make a book. First used in the 2nd century.

Common Grace
      The grace of God given to the creation as a whole. God still allows the sun to shine upon the unsaved. He feeds them, allows them to work, and have joy. It is common grace that "restrains" the wrath of God until a later time. It is in special grace that salvation is given to the Christians.

Communicatio idiomatum
     The theological position that the properties of both the human and the divine natures of Jesus are attributed to the one person of Christ.  For example, John 17:5 is where Jesus, the man, says, "And now, glorify Thou Me together with Thyself, Father, with the glory which I had with Thee before the world was."  We see here that Jesus who was born on earth says He had glory with the Father before the world was.  This is because the one person of Christ has two natures:  God and man.  Jesus is the Divine Word made flesh (John 1:1,14).  We see in the single person of Christ both the attributes of divinity and humanity.

Communion
      The Lord's Supper (Matt. 26:26-30; Mark 14:22-26; Luke 22:14-20; 1 Cor. 1:23-26). It is the breaking of bread (Acts 2:42,46) and a time to give thanks (Luke 22:17,19). It was originally instituted by Jesus (Matt. 26:26-29) on the night of the Passover meal which was an annual occurrence celebrating the "passing over" of the angel of death that claimed the firstborn of every house in Egypt (Exodus 12). The Lord's Supper, or communion, replaces the Passover meal with the "body and blood" (Mark 14:22-24) of Jesus. It is to be taken only by believers (1 Cor. 11:23-28). (For further study see John 6:26-58 and 1 Cor. 11:27-34).

Condemnation
      Declaring an evildoer to be guilty; the punishment inflicted. Without Jesus we stand condemned before God not only because of the sin of Adam (Rom. 5:16-18) but also because of our own sin (Matt. 12:37). However, "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death" (Rom. 8:1-2). Christians have passed out of condemnation because they are forgiven in Christ.

Conditional immortality
     The view that immortality is given only to those Christians who believe in Christ.  The rest are destroyed and do not exist.  Some adherents to conditional immortality believe that the wicked will be punished in hell for a period proportional to their sins and then they are annihilated.

Confession
     The act of disclosing one's sins.  In Catholicism, it is telling sins to a priest and the Lord forgives the person through the priest.  Biblically, confession of sins is done to the one offended without the mediatorship of a priest.

Confessional
     In Catholicism, a small compartment where the priest hears the confessed sins of a sinner.

Confirmation
     In Catholicism, a ceremony performed by a bishop that is supposed to strengthen a person and enable him to resist sin. It is usually done at the age of 12. The Bishop dips his right thumb in holy oil and anoints the person on the forehead by making the sign of the cross and says, "Be sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit."  

Congregation
     A gathering of people, usually of believers, in a common religious faith.  

Consubstantiation
     It means an inclusion of one substance in another where the body and blood of Christ co-exist in the elements of the Supper.  It suggests that a third substance is formed.  The body and blood of Christ are "in, with, and under" the elements.  There is no permanent relationship with the elements.  Instead, the association is limited to the sacramental action.  The transformation is effected by the Word of God and not by a priest.

Contrition
     In Catholicism, extreme sorrow for having sinned with a deep repentance concerning that sin.  

Conversion
      Turning from evil to God. God converts (Acts 21:19) the unsaved into the saved, from the unregenerate to the regenerate. It is produced through the preaching of the gospel (Rom. 10:14; 1 Cor. 15:1-4) and results in repentance (Acts 26:20) and a new creation (2 Cor. 5:17). The fruits of conversion are listed in Gal. 5:22-23.

Conviction
      The work of the Holy Spirit where a person is able to see himself as God sees him: guilty, defiled, and totally unable to save himself (John 16:8). Conviction of the Holy Spirit of an unbeliever reveals sinfulness and guilt and brings fear. Conviction of the Holy Spirit of the believer brings an awareness of sin and results in confession and cleansing. This conviction is produced by the Holy Spirit (John 16:8), the Gospel (Acts 2:37), the conscience (Rom. 2:15), and the Law (James 2:9). Conviction of our sins brings us to the cross. It shows us our need for forgiveness.

Coptic
     The Afro-Asiatic language of the Copts, which survives only as a liturgical language of the Coptic Church.

Corban
     An offering dedicated to God.  It is referenced in Mark 7:11 and is alluded to in Lev. 1:2.  

Cosmological argument
      An attempt to prove that God exists by appealing to the principle that all things have causes.  There cannot be an infinite regress of causes, therefore, there must be an uncaused cause:  God.

Cosmology
     The study of the origin and structure of the universe.

Covenant
      An agreement between two parties. The agreement, according to Ancient Near East custom, consists of five parts: 1) Identification of parties, 2) Historical prologue where the deeds establishing the worthiness of the dominant party is established, 3) Conditions of the agreement, 4) Rewards and punishments in regard to keeping the conditions, and 5) Disposition of the documents where each party receives a copy of the agreement (e.g. the two tablets of stone of the 10 Commandments).
      Ultimately, the covenants God has made with man result in our benefit. We receive eternal blessings from the covenant of grace. (For further study see Gen. 2:16-17; 9:1-17; 15:18; Gen. 26:3-5; Gal. 3:16-18; Luke 1:68-79; Heb. 13:20).

Covenant Theology
      A system of theology that views God's dealings with man in respect of covenants rather than dispensations (periods of time). It represents the whole of scripture as covenantal in structure and theme.  Some believe there is one Covenant and others believe two and still others believe in more.  The two main covenants are covenant of works in the O.T. made between God and Adam, and the Covenant of Grace between the Father and the Son where the Father promised to give the Son the elect and the Son must redeem them.  Some consider these to be one and the same.  The covenants have been made since before the world was made (Heb. 13:20).

Creation
      Everything that exists except God himself. This includes material as well as immaterial things and time. God is the creator, (Heb. 11:3) we are the creatures. The creator/creature distinction must be maintained to properly remain in humble relationship with God. We are not God, cannot create, nor can we help ourselves do good in order to be saved. Only God is God. Only He can create. And, only He has the ability to save man.      

Creationism
     The position that God created the universe.  Young earth creationists generally believe that God created the universe, the earth, and living things on the earth and that the Old Testament literally describes six, 24 hour periods.  Therefore, they maintain that the universe is, more or less, anywhere from 6,000 to 10,000 years old.  They further maintain that speciation occurred during this time as a result of the extant genetic information and environmental pressures.  Old earth creationists still maintain that the universe, the earth, and all living things were created by God, but that the Universe is very old.  Compare with Natural Evolution and Evolution.

Cross
     As relates to Christianity, it is the instrument of crucifixion.  It is a single vertical stake with a cross member near or at the top by which a person is either nailed and/or tied with outstretched arms.  Jesus was nailed on a cross, not a stake since in John 20:25, Thomas stated that he would not believe that Jesus had risen from the dead unless he saw "...in His hands the imprint of the nails..."  A cross would require at least two nails, one for each outstretched hand.  

Cult
      A religious group that follows a particular theological system. In the context of Christianity, and in particular, CARM, it is a group that uses the Bible but distorts the doctrines that affect salvation sufficiently to cause salvation to be unattainable. A few examples of cults are Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Christian Science, Christadelphians, Unity, Religious Science, The Way International, and the Moonies. (See also Cults)

Damnation
     The righteous judgment of God upon a sinner where the sinner is cast out of the presence of God into Hell for ever.

Deacons
     Biblically, this designates a servant in the church but not someone who is a slave since the latter refers to a slave/master relationship.  It has become an office of the church where individuals are designated to help in the ministry, sometimes serving communion, sometimes by taking care of such needs as church welfare, feeding the homeless, taking care of the sick in the church, etc.  It comes from the Greek word diakonos and is translated as "servant" in John 6:25; 12:26, "minister" in Rom. 13:4.

Death
      The word "death" is used in two main ways in the Bible. First, it is used to describe the cessation of life. Second, death is used in reference to the lost. This refers to their eternal separation from God as a result of sin (Isaiah 59:2), in a conscious state of damnation without hope (1 Thess. 4:13; Rev. 20:10,14,15).
      Death to humans is unnatural. When God created Adam and Eve, death was not part of the created order. It was not until they sinned that death entered the scene (Rom. 5:12; 6:23). Death will be destroyed when Christ returns and the believers receive their resurrected bodies.

Decalogue
     The Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20.  Deca means ten in Latin.  Logue comes from "logos" which means "word."

Decrees, of God
     The Decrees of God is His eternal purpose, according to His will, whereby He has foreordained whatever comes to pass.  His Decrees do not negate the responsibility of people for their sins nor does it mean that God is responsible for sin.  But, it necessarily is true that God knows all things actual as well as potential, and that that which exists, exists due to His creative effort.  It also follows that God has eternally known all events that have occurred, are occurring, and will occur in this creation including the fall, redemption, glorification, etc.  Yet, God is not the one responsible for the sin in the world but has decreed, by His permission, that it be allowed to exist.  Isaiah 46:9-10 says, "Remember the former things long past, for I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is no one like Me, ¹⁰Declaring the end from the beginning and from ancient times things which have not been done, saying, ‘My purpose will be established, and I will accomplish all My good pleasure."  
     God's efficacious decrees are those decrees which God has purposed and determined to occur, i.e., Acts 2:23 "this Man, delivered up by the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God, you nailed to a cross by the hands of godless men and put Him to death."  God's permissive decrees are those decrees where He permits things to occur such as evil.

Deduction
     A system of logic, inference and conclusion drawn from examination of facts.  Conclusions drawn from the general down to the specific.

Depravity
     Moral corruption, a state of corruption or sinfulness. Total depravity is the teaching that sin has touched all aspects of the human: body, soul, spirit, emotions, mind, etc.

Deism
      The belief that God exists but is not involved in the world. It maintains that God created all things and set the universe in motion and is no longer involved in its operation. (Compare to Atheism, Agnosticism, and Theism.)

Deity
     That quality possessed by God alone that distinguishes Him from every other thing.  It is the essential nature that makes God what He is.

Demon
      A fallen angel that assists Satan in the opposition of God. Demons are evil (Luke 10:17,18), powerful (Luke 8:29), and under the power of Satan (Matt. 12:24-30). They recognized Christ (Mark 1:23,24) and can possess non-Christians (Matt. 8:29).

Deontology
     The study of moral obligation.

Determinism
     The teaching that every event in the universe is caused and controlled by natural law; that there is no free will in humans and that all events are merely the result of natural and physical laws.

Devil
     Greek is "diabolos," which means accuser.  The greatest of all the fallen angels.  He opposes God and is completely evil.  He is often called Lucifer which is a Latin translation of "light bearer" found in Isaiah 14:12, and also the accuser of the brethren in (Rev. 12:10), dragon (Rev. 12:9), the devil (Matt. 4:1), the tempter (Matt. 4:3), the accuser (Rev. 12:10), the prince of demons (Luke 11:15), the ruler of this world (John 12:31),  See Isaiah 14:12-15 for a description of the fall of the devil.  Upon Jesus' return, the Devil will be vanquished -- depending on the eschatological position.  His future is the eternal lake of fire.

Dialectic
     The practice of examining ideas and beliefs using reason and logic.  It is often accomplished by question and answer.

Diaspora
     Dispersion. Biblically, it refers to the dispersion of the Jews outside of Israel from the time of the Babylonian Captivity until now.  It has also been applied to the dispersion of Christians after 70 A.D. when Rome sacked Jerusalem and thousands of Christians fled and dispersed throughout the Mediterranean area.

Dichotomy
      The teaching that a human consists of two parts: body and soul. Sometimes the soul is also referred to as spirit. (See Trichotomy)

Didache
     From the Greek "didoskolos" meaning "teacher."  The Didache (pronounced did-a-kay).  It was possibly written around 65-80 A.D. and is supposed to be what the twelve apostles taught to the Gentiles concerning life and death, church order, fasting, baptism, prayer, etc.  There is debate as to its authenticity.  The work is cited by Eusebius who lived from 260-341 and Athanasius (293-373).  The Didache is not inspired, but is valuable as an early church document. 

Didactics 
     The branch of education dealing with teaching.

Diocese
     In Catholicism, an area of many parishes presided over by a bishop. 

Disciple
      A pupil or follower of a religion, a person, or a movement. As Christians we are to be disciples of Jesus (Luke 14:26,27). We follow in the teaching and example of what He said and did. A disciple is a convert but not all converts are disciples. As disciples we are to bear our cross daily (Matt. 16:24). This means to live and die for Him if necessary (Matt. 16:25).

Dispensation, dispensationalism
      In the Scofield Reference Bible a dispensation is "a period of time during which man is tested in respect of obedience to some specific revelation of the will of God" Dispensationalism says that God uses different means of administering His will and grace to His people. These different means coincide with different periods of time. Scofield says there are seven dispensations: of innocence, of conscience, of civil government, of promise, of law, of grace, and of the kingdom. Dispensationalists interpret the scriptures in light of these (or other perceived) dispensations. Compare to Covenant.

Divination
     The practice of predicting the future and/or securing for a person the services of supernatural powers.  It is also used as a means to gain knowledge.   

Divinity
      The nature or quality of being God. It belongs to God alone. Jesus was divine in nature (Col. 2:9) as well as being a man. (See Jesus' Two Natures.)

Docetism
     Docetism was an error with several variations concerning the nature of Christ. Generally, it taught that Jesus only appeared to have a body, that he was not really incarnate, (Greek, "dokeo" = "to seem"). This error developed out of the dualistic philosophy which viewed matter as inherently evil, that God could not be associated with matter, and that God, being perfect and infinite, could not suffer.  Please see Heresies for more information.

Doctrine
     A set of accepted beliefs held by a group.  In religion, it is the set of true beliefs that define the parameters of that belief system. Hence, there is true doctrine and false doctrine relative to each belief set.  In Christianity, for example, a true biblical doctrine is that there is only one God in all existence (Isaiah 43:10; 44:6,8).  A false doctrine is that there is more than one God in all existence. 

Dogma
     A generally held set of formulated beliefs.

Donatism
     Donatism was the error taught by Donatus, bishop of Casae Nigrae that the effectiveness of the sacraments depends on the moral character of the minister. In other words, if a minister who was involved in a serious enough sin were to baptize a person, that baptism would be considered invalid. Please see Heresies for more information.

Dowsing
     A form of divination using a forked rod or bent wire often used to find objects, people, or things.  A person holds the dowsing instrument and is "lead" around by it until the object is, allegedly, found.

Dualism
     In theology, the concept that the world is controlled by two opposing forces, i.e., good and bad, God and Satan. In Philosophy the idea that the world consists of two main components: thought and matter.

 

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