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Army: I. JEWISH ARMY.--Every man above 20 years of age was a soldier,
Nu 1:3 each tribe formed a regiment, with its own banner and its own leader Nu 2:2; 10:14 their positions in the camp or on the march were accurately fixed, Numb. 2; the whole army started and stopped at a given signal, Nu 10:5,6 thus they came up out of Egypt ready for the fight. Ex 13:18 On the approach of an enemy a conscription was made from the general body, under the direction of a muster-master, De 20:5; 2Ki 25:19 by whom also the officers were appointed. De 20:9 The army had then divided into thousands and hundreds under their respective captains, Nu 31:14 and still further into families. Nu 2:34; 2Ch 25:5; 26:12 With the king arose the custom of maintaining a body-guard, which formed the nucleus of a standing army, and David's band of 600, 1Sa 23:13; 25:13 he retained after he became king, and added the CHERETHITES and PELETHITES.
2Sa 15:18; 20:7 David further organized a national militia, divided into twelve regiments under their respective officers, each of which was called out for one month in the year. 1Ch 27:1 ... It does not appear that the system established by David was maintained by the kings of Judah; but in Israel the proximity of the hostile kingdom of Syria necessitated the maintenance of a standing army. The maintenance and equipment of the soldiers at the public expense dated from the establishment of a standing army. It is doubtful whether the soldier ever received pay even under the kings. II. ROMAN ARMY.--The Roman army was divided into legions, the number of which varied considerably (from 3000 to 6000), each under six tribuni ("chief captains,")
Ac 21:31 who commanded by turns. The legion was subdivided into ten cohorts ("band,") Ac 10:1 the cohort into three maniples, and the maniple into two centuries, containing originally 100 men, as the name implies, but subsequently from 50 to 100 men, according to the strength of the legion. There were thus 60 centuries in a legion, each under the command of a centurion. Ac 10:1,22; Mt 8:5; 27:54 In addition to the legionary cohorts, independent cohorts of volunteers served under the Roman standards. One of these cohorts was named the Italian, Ac 10:1 as consisting of volunteers from Italy. The headquarters of the Roman forces in Judea were at Caesarea.
See Also: Jewish
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