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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: YAK-ZYM |
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YULE , the season of Christmas (q.v.). This word is chiefly used alone as an archaism or in poetry or poetical language, but is more common in combination, as in " yule-tide," " yule-log," &c. The Old English word appears in various forms, e.g. gebla, iula, geol, gehhol, gehhel; cognate forms are Icel, jol; Dan. juul; Swed. jul. It was the name of two months of the year, December and January, the one the " former yule " (se aerra gala), the other the " after yule " (se aeftera geola), as coming before and after the winter solstice ( Cotton
YUN-NAN (i.e. Cloudy South), a S.W. province of China, bounded N. by Sze-ch'uen, E. by Kwei-chow and Kwang-si, S. by Burma and the Lao tribes and W. by Burma and Tibet; area estimated at from 122,000 to 146,000 sq. m. Though the second largest province of the empire, its population is estimated at only 12,000,000. The inhabitants include many races besides Chinese, such as Shans, Lolos and Maotsze. The Musus, in N.W. Yun-nan, once formed an independent kingdom which extended into E. Tibet. Many of the inhabitants are nominally Moslems. The greater part of the province may be said to consist of an extensive plateau, generally from 5000 to 7000 ft. in altitude, containing numerous valley plains, which is divided in the N. by mountain ranges that enter at the N.W. corner and separate the waters of the Yangtsze-kiang, the Mekong and the Salween. The mountains attain heights of 16,000 ft. The climate is generally healthy and equable; on the plateau the summer heat seldom exceeds 86, and in winter there is little snow. The principal rivers are the Yangtsze- kiang (locally known as the Kinsha-kiang=Golden Sand river), which enters Yun-nan at its N.W. corner, flows first S.E. and then N.E., forming for a considerable distance the N. boundary of the province; the Mekong, which traverses the province from N. to S. on its way to the sea through Annam; the Salween, which runs a parallel course through its W. portion; and the headwaters of the Songkoi, which rises in the S.E. of the province. This last-named river is navigable from the Gulf of Tongking to Man-hao, a town ten days' journey from Yun-nan Fu. There are two large lakesone in the neighbourhood of Ta-li Fu, which is 24 M. long by 6 m. broad, and the other near Yun-nan Fu, which measures
Besides Yun-nan Fu, the capital , the province contains thirteen prefectural cities, several of whichTeng-ch'uen Fu, Ta-li Fu, Yung-ch`ang Fu, Ch'u-siung Fu and Lin-gan Fu, for exampleare situated in the valley plains. Mengtsze, Szemao and Momein (or Teng-yueh) are open to foreign trade. Yun-nan Fu is connected by railway (19x0) with Tongking. The line 1:hich starts from Haiphong runs, in Yun-nan, via Mengtsze hsien (a great commercial centre), to the capital . Several important roads intersect the province; among them areI. The road from Yun-nan Fu to Bhamo in Burma via Ta-li Fu (12 days), Teng-yueh Chow or Momein (8 days) and Manwynebeyond Ta-li Fu it is a difficult mountain route. 2. The road from Ta-li Fu N. to Patang via Li-kiang Fu, which thus connects W. Yun-nan with Tibet. 3. The ancient trade road to Canton, which connects Yun-nan Fu with Pai-se Fu, in Kwang-si, on the Canton W est River, a land journey which occupies about twenty days. From this point the river is navigable to Canton.Agricultural products include rice and maize (the principal crops), wheat, barley and oats. The poppy was formerly extensively cultivated, but after the anti-opium edict of 1906 vigorous measures
goats and sheep. Silkworms are reared. The chief
Cotton
chief
Yun-nan, long independent, was subdued by Kublai Khan, but was not finally incorporated in the empire until the 17th century. It was the principal centre of the great Mahommedan rebellion, which lasted sixteen years and was suppressed in 1872. Even in 1910 the province had not wholly recovered from the effects of that struggle and the barbarity with which it was stamped out. The opening of Christian ( Protestant
work
See H. R. Davies
Cambridge , 19o9) ; A. Little, Across Yunnan (London, 191o); Rev. J. M'Carthy, " The Province of Yunnan," in The Chinese Empire (London, 1907); L. Richard, Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire (Shanghai, 1908).YUN-NAN FU, the capital of the province of Yun-nan, China, in 25 6' N., 102 52' E. It is about 500 M. by rail N.N.W. of the port of Haiphong, Tongking. The population was returned in 1907 at 45,000. Originally the surrounding district
work
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