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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: WIL-YAK |
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WURZBURG , a university town and episcopal see of Bavaria, Germany, capital of the province of Lower Franconia, situated on the Main, 6o m. by rail S.E. from Frankfort and at the junction of main lines to Bamberg
Wurzburg is- quaintly and irregularly built; many of the houses are interesting specimens of medieval architecture; and the numerous old churches recall the fact that it was long the capital of an ecclesiastical principality. The principal church is the imposing Rdmanesque cathedral, a basilica with transepts, begun in 1042 and consecrated in 1189. The four towers, how-ever, date from 1240, the (rococo) facade from 1711-1719, and the dome from 1731. The spacious transepts terminate in apses. The exterior was restored in 1882-1883. The beautiful Marienkapelle, a Gothic edifice of 1317-1441, was restored in 1856; it is embellished with twenty statues by Tilman Riemenschneider (d. 1531). The Haugerstifts church, with two towers and a lofty dome , was built in the Italian Renaissance style in 1670-1691. The bones of St Kilian
Late
Benedictine
WURZEN arranged to convert this into a residential college for students, the hospital being removed to a site outside the town. The quaint town hall
chief
A university was founded at Wurzburg in 1403, but it only existed for a few years. The present university was founded by Bishop Julius in 1582. The medical faculty speedily became famous, and has remained the most important faculty in Wurzburg ever since. Here W. K. Rontgen discovered the " Rontgen rays " in 1896. Wurzburg was long the stronghold of Jesuitism in Germany, and the Roman Catholic theological faculty still attracts a large number of students. The university has a library containing 300,000 volumes, and is attended by about 1400 students. In no other university city of Germany has so much of the medieval academic life been preserved. Wurzburg is surrounded by vineyards, which yield some of the best wine in Germany. Its principal industries are the manufacture of tobacco, furniture, machinery, scientific instruments and railway carriages. It has also breweries, and produces bricks, vinegar, malt and chocolate. The site of the Leistenberg was occupied by a Roman fort, and was probably fortified early in the 13th century. Wircebirgum is the old Latin form of the name of the town; Herbipolis (herb town) first appears in the 12th century. The bishopric was probably founded in 741, but the town appears to have existed in the previous century. The first bishop was St Burkhard, and his successors soon acquired much temporal power; about the 12th century they had ducal authority' in Eastern Franconia. It is not surprising that quarrels broke out between the bishops and the citizens, and the latter espoused the cause of the emperor Henry IV., while the former joined the emperor's foes. The struggle continued intermittently until 1400, when the citizens were decisively defeated and submitted. Several imperial diets were held in Wurzburg, chief
By the peace of Luneville the bishopric was secularized, and in 1803 Wurzburg passed to Bavaria. The peace of Pressburg in 1805 transferred it, under the name of an electorate, to Ferdinand, formerly grand-duke of Tuscany, who joined the confederation of the Rhine and tack the title of grand-duke of Wurzburg. In 1815 the congress of Vienna restored Wurzburg to Bavaria. The Wurzburg Conference is the name given to the meeting of representatives of the smaller German states in 1859 to devise some means of mutual support. The conference, however, had no result. Wurzburg was bombarded and taken by the Prussians in 1866, in which year it ceased to be a fortress. The bishopric of Wurzburg at one time embraced an area of about 1900 sq. m. and had about 250,000 inhabitants. A new bishopric of Wurzburg was created in 1817. For the town see S. GSbl, Wurzburg, Ein kulturhistorisches Stadtebild (Wurzburg, 1896) ; J. Gramich, Verfassung and Verwallung der Stadt Wurzburg (Wurzburg, 1882) ; M. Cronthal, Die Strait Wurzburg im Bauernkriege (Wurzburg, 1887) ; Heffner, Wurzburg and seine Umgebungen (Wurzburg, 1871) ; Beckmann, Fiihrer durch Wurzburg (1906) ; and Hollander and Hessler, Malerisches aus Alt-Wurzburg (Wurzburg, 1898). For the university see F. X. von Wegele, Geschichte der Universitat Wurzburg (Wurzburg, 1882). For the bishopric see J. Hofmann, Die Heiligen und Seligen des Bistums Wurzburg (Wiirzbur , 1889) ; F. J. B. Stamminger and A. Amrhein, Franconia sacra. Geschichte des Bistums Wurzburg (Wurzburg, 1889-1901); and T. Henner, Die herzogliche Gewalt der Bischofe von Wurzburg (Wurzburg, 1874). End of Article: WURZBURG If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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