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Encyclopedia Britannica



WESSELENYI, MIKLOS, BARON (1796-1850)

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 535 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: WAT-WIL
WESSELENYI, MIKLOS, BARON (1796-1850) , Hungarian
statesman, son of Baron Miklos Wesselenyi and Ilona Cserei, was born at Zsibo, and was educated at his father's castle by Motes Pataky in the most liberal and patriotic direction. In 1823 he permanently entered public life and made the acquaintance of Count Stephen Szechenyi whose companion he was on a long educative foreign tour, on his return from which he became one of the leaders of the liberal
movement
  in the Upper
House
 . In 1833 appeared his Baliteletek (Prejudices), which was for long a prohibited book. He was the foremost leader of the Opposition at the diet of 1834, and his freely expressed opinions on land-redemption, together with his efforts to give greater publicity to the debates of the diet by printing them, involved him in two expensive crown prosecutions. He was imprisoned at Grafenberg, whither he had gone to be cured of an eye trouble, and two years later became quite blind. Subsequently he did much for agriculture, children's homes and the introduction and extension of the silk industry in Hungary. The events of 1848 brought him home from a long residence abroad, but he was no longer the man he had been, and soon withdrew again to Grafenberg. He died on the 21st
of April 185o, on his way back to Hungary.
See Ferencz Szilagyi, Life and Career of Baron Nicholas Wesselenyi the Younger (Hung. Budapest, 1876). (R. N. B.) WESSEX, one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain. The
story of its origin is given in the Saxon Chronicle. According to this the kingdom was founded by two princes, Cerdic, and Cynric his son, who landed in 494 or 495 and were followed by other settlers in 5o1 and 514. After several successful battles against the Welsh they became kings in 519. Very few of the localities connected with the story of these princes have been identified with certainty, but such identifications as there are point to the southern part of
Hampshire
 . In 530 Cerdic and Cynric are said to have conquered the Isle of Wight, which they gave to two of their relatives, Stuf and Wihtgar. Cerdic died in 534. Cynric defeated the Britons at Salisbury in 552 and again in conjunction with his son Ceawlin at Beranburh, probably Barbury Hill, in 556. At his death in 56o he was succeeded by Ceawlin, who is mentioned by Bedews the second of the English kings to hold an imperium in Britain. With him we enter upon a period not perhaps of history, but at least of more or less reliable tradition. How far the earlier part of the story deserves credence has been and still is much debated. At all events no value can be attached to the dates given in the Chronicle. The preface to this work places Cerdic's assumption of the sovereignty six years after his landing, that is, in the year 5o0, and assigns him a reign of sixteen years, which makes his death fall eighteen years before 534, the date recorded in the annals. Again, while the annals record Ceawlin's accession in 56o and his expulsion in 592, the preface with other early authorities assigns him a reign of only seventeen years. Further a number of genealogies, both in the Chronicle and elsewhere, represent Cynric as grandson of Cerdic and son of a certain Creoda. Suspicion likewise attaches to the name Cerdic, which seems to be Welsh, while we learn from Bede that the Isle of Wight, together with part at least of the
Hampshire
  coast, was colonized by Jutes, who apparently had a kingdom distinct from that of Wessex. For these reasons the story of the foundation of Wessex, though it appears to possess
considerable antiquity, must be regarded as open to grave suspicion. It is worthy of note that the dynasty claimed to be of the same origin as the royal
house
  of Bernicia and that two of Cerdic's ancestors, Freawine and Wig, figure in the story of Wermund, king of
Angel
 .
Whatever may be the truth about the origin of the kingdom, and it is by no means impossible that the invasion really proceeded from a different quarter, we need not doubt that its dimensions were largely increased under Ceawlin. In his reign the Chronicle mentions two great victories over the Welsh, one at a place called Bedcanford in 571, by which Aylesbury and the upper part of the Thames valley fell into the hands of the West Saxons, and another at Deorham in 577, which led to the capture of Cirencester, Bath and Gloucester. Ceawlin is also said to have defeated IEthelberht at a place called Wibbandun (possibly Wimbledon) in 568. In 592 he was expelled and died in the following year. Of his successors Ceol and Ceolwulf we know little though the latter is said to have been engaged in constant warfare. Ceolwulf was succeeded in 611 by Cynegils, whose son Cwichelm provoked a Northumbrian invasion by the attempted murder of Edwin in 626. These kings are also said to have come into collision with the Mercian king Penda, and it is possible that the province of the Hwicce (q.v.) was lost in their time. After the accession of
Oswald
 , who married Cynegils's daughter, to the throne of Northumbria, both Cynegils and Cwichelm were baptized. Cynegils was succeeded in 642 by his son Cenwalh, who married and subsequently divorced Penda's sister and was on that account expelled by that king. After his return he gained a victory over the Welsh near Pen-Selwood,by which a large part of Somerset came into his hands. In 661 he was again attacked by the Mercians under Wulfhere. At his death, probably in 573, the throne is said to have been held for a year by his widow Sexburh, who was succeeded by Aescwine, 674-676, and Centwine, 676-685. According to Bede, however, the kingdom was in a state of disunion from the death of Cenwalh to the accession of Ceadwalla in 685, who greatly increased its prestige and conquered the Isle of Wight, the inhabitants of which he treated with great barbarity. After a brief reign Ceadwalla went to Rome, where he was baptized, and died shortly afterwards, leaving the kingdom to Inc. By the end of the 7th century a considerable part at least of Devonshire as well as the whole of Somerset and Dorset seems to have come into the hands of the West Saxons. On the resignation of Ine, in 726, the throne was obtained by IEthelheard, apparently his brother-in-law, who had to submit to the Mercian king lEthelbald, by whom he seems to have been attacked in 733. Cuthred, who succeeded in 740, at first acted in concert with ZEthelbald, but revolted in 752. At his death in 756 Sigeberht succeeded. The latter, however, on account of his misgovernment was deserted by most of the leading nobles, and with the exception of Hampshire the whole kingdom came into the hands cf Cynewulf. Sigeberht, after putting to death the last of the princes who remained faithful to him, was driven into
exile
  and subsequently murdered; but vengeance was afterwards taken on Cynewulf by his brother Cyneheard. Cynewulf was succeeded in 786 by Berhtric, who married Eadburg, daughter of the Mercian king Offa. Her violent and murderous conduct led to the king's death in 802; and, it is said, caused the title of queen to be denied to the wives of later kings. Berhtric was succeeded by Ecgberht (q.v.), the
chief
  event of whose reign was the overthrow of the Mercian king Beornwulf in 825, which led to the
establishment
  of West Saxon supremacy and to the annexation by Wessex of Sussex, Surrey, Kent and Essex.
YEthelwulf (q.v.), son of Ecgberht, succeeded to the throne of Wessex at his father's death in 839, while the eastern provinces went to his son or brother IEthelstan. A similar division took place on lEthelwulf's death between his two sons IEthelbald and 2Ethelberht, but on the death of the former in 858 2Ethelberht united the whole in his own hands, his younger brothers ;Ethelred and Alfred renouncing their claims. 2Ethelberht was succeeded in 865 by i2Ethelred, and the latter by Alfred in 871. This was the period of the great Danish invasion which culminated
in the submission of Guthrum in 878. Shortly afterwards the kingdom of the Mercians came to an end and their leading
earl
  (Ethelred accepted Alfred's overlordship. By 886 Alfred's authority was admitted in all the provinces of England which were not under Danish rule. From this time onwards the
history of Wessex is the history of England. . 728 (726)
Kings of Wessex.
Cerdic . . 519 EEthelheard
Cynric . . 534 Cuthred . . 741 (740)
Ceawlin . . 560 (c. 571) Sigeberht . . 754 (756)
Ceol . . 592 (c. 588) Cynewulf . 755 (757)
Ceolwulf . . 597 (c. 594) Berhtric . . . 784 (786)
Cynegils . 611 Ecgbert 800 (802)
Cenwalh . . 643 (c. 642) sEthelwulf . . 836 (839)
Sexburh . . 672 (c. 673) I EEthelbald . . 855 (858)
JEscwine . . 674 IEthelberht . 86o
Centwine . . 676 !Ethelred . . 866
Ceadwalla . 685 Alfred . . . 871
Ine . . . . 688
The dates are those of the annals in the Chronicle, with approximate corrections in brackets.
See Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited by Earle and Plummer (Oxford, 18921899) ; Bede, Hist. Eccl. and Contin,uatio, edited by C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896) ; Annales Lindisfarnenses," in the Monumenta Germ. hist. xix. 502-508 (Hanover, 1866) ; Asser, Life of King Alfred, edited by W. H. Stevenson (Oxford, 1904); W. de G. Birch,
Cartularium Saxonicum (London, 1885-1893). (F. G. M. B.)


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