WENLOCK GROUP (Wenlockian)

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 519 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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WENLOCK GROUP (Wenlockian) , in geology, the middle

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of strata in the

Silurian

SILURIAN

(Upper

Silurian

SILURIAN

) of Great Britain. This group in the typical area in the Welsh border counties contains the following formations: Wenlock or Dudley lime-stone, 90-300 ft.; Wenlock shale, up to 190o ft.; Woolhope or Barr limestone and shale, 150 ft.
The Woolhope beds consist mainly of shales which are generally calcareous and pass frequently into irregular nodular and lenticular limestone. In the Malvern Hills there is much shale at the base, and in places the limestone may be absent. These beds are best developed in Herefordshire; they appear also at May Hill in Gloucestershire and in Radnorshire. Common fossils are Phacops caudatus, Encrinurus punctatus, Orthis calligramma, Atrypa reticularis, Orthoceras annulatum.
The Wenlock Shales are

pale

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

or dark-grey shales which extend through Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, through Radnorshire into Carmarthenshire. They appear again southward in the Silurian patches in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and

Monmouthshire

MONMOUTHSHIRE

. They thicken from the south northward. The fossils are on the whole closely similar to those in the limestones above with the natural difference that corals are comparatively rare in the shales, while graptolites are abundant. Six graptolite zones have been recognized by Miss G. L. Elles in this formation.
The Wenlock limestone occurs either as a

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of thin limestones with thin shales or as thick massive beds; it is sometimes hard and crystalline and sometimes soft, earthy or concretionary. It is typically developed in Wenlock Edge, where it forms a striking feature for some 20 m. It appears very well exposed in a

sharp

SHARP,
GRANVILLE
- GRANVILLE
- GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
- GRANVILLE, JOHN
  CARTERET
  - CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)
  , EARL (1690-1763)
(1735-1813)
SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

anticline at Dudley, whence it is sometimes called the " Dudley limestone "; it occurs also at Aymestry, Ludlow, Woolhope, May Hill, Usk and Malvern. The fossils include corals in great variety (Halysites caienularis, Favosites aspera, Heliolites interstinctus), crinoids (Crotalocrinus, Marsupiocrinus, Periechocrinus), often very beautiful specimens, and trilobites (Calymene Blumenbachii, the " Dudley locust," Phacops caudatus, Illaenus (Bumbastes)barriensis, Homolonotus delphinocephalus). Merostomatous crustaceans make their first appearance here(Eurypterus punctatus, Hemias pis horridus). Brachiopods are abundant (Atrypa reticularis, Spirifer plicatilis, Rhynchonella cuneata, Orthis, Leptaena, Pentamerus) ; lamellibranchs include the genera Avicula, Cardiola, Grammysia; Murchisonia, Bellerophon, Omphalotrochus are common gasteropod genera. Conularia Sowerbyi is by no means rare, and there are several common cephalopod genera (Orthoceras, Phragmoceras, Trochoceras).
The greater part of the known Silurian fauna of Britain comes from Wenlock rocks; J. Davidson and G. Maw obtained no fewer than 25,000 specimens of brachiopods from 7 tons of the shale. Not only are there many different genera and species but individually certain forms are very numerous. The three principal zonal graptolites are, from above downwards: Monograptus testis, Cyrtograptus Linnarssoni, Cyrtograptus Murchisoni.
When traced northward into Denbighshire and Merionethshire the rocks

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. 冠 urmu', to bend)

their character and become more slaty or arenaceous; they are represented in this area by the " Moel Ferna Slates," the " Pen-y-glog Grit," and " Pen-y-glog Slates," all of which belong to the lower part of a great series (3000 ft.) of slates and grits known as the " Denbighshire Grits." Similar deposits occur on this horizon still farther north, in the Lake

district

DISTRICT

, where the Wenlock rocks are represented by the " Brathay Flags " (lower part of the Coniston Flags series), and in southern Scotland, where their place is taken by the variable " Riccarton beds " of Kirkcudbright Shore, Dumfries-shire, Riccarton and the Cheviots; by greywackes and shales in Lanarkshire; by mudstones, shales and grits in the Pentland Hills, and in the Girvan area by the " Blair " and " Straiton beds." In Ireland the " Ferriters Cove beds," a thick series of shales, slates and sandstones with lavas and tuffs in the Dingle promontory; the" Mweelrea beds " and others in Tipperary and Mayo are of Wenlock age. Lime and flagstones are the most important economic products of the British Wenlock rocks.
See the article SILURIAN, and for

recent

RECENT

papers, Geological Literature, Geol. Soc., London, annual, and the Q.J. Geol. Soc., London.
(J. A. H.)

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