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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: WAT-WIL |
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WEIGHT (AVOIRDUPOIS) Ounce. Pound. Stone. Quarter. Hundred- Ton. weight. I is six T48 iAs sax-6 r6 i rx ~'a iii a3 a 224 14 I 2 a SBII 448 28 2 1 s's 1792 II2 8 4 35840 2240 16o 8o 20 I (Also 7000 grains = lib avoirdupois.) 120. Change of System.It is sometimes necessary, when a quantity is expressed in one system, to express it in another,1 See also WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
I convergents are L, q , 4 , ... the number can be expressed in the form pl (I+p Q2) (1--Q2) (I -{-pQ) . . . , and that if we go up to the factor 1 5"090+1 the product of these factors differs from the true value of the number by less than t 1 gngn tl The following are the ratios of some of the units; each unit is expressed approximately as a decimal of the other, and their ratio is shown as a continued product ( 116), a few of the corresponding convergents to the continued fraction ( 117) being added in brackets. It must be remembered that the number expressing any quantity in terms of a unit is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the unit, i.e. the number of new units is to be found by multiplying the number of old units by the ratio of the old unit to the new unit. gg~ qq y d~ Yard Metre -790000 =10039= 12'3 84 '83 94-"(1 1 ,ii- 42J C I entimnchet re 2 1 5.402- - 730093 _ 5, 62- I 1 6&gi (, 3 ., 15-29 0000 7 6~5 955 2 3 333 520 ). Mile Kilometre _ 16093 1 62 90.1 4 0=.Q.. 1-84-23-G-9.. (9f 23, 1SI$). 1 0 0 0 0 _ 0 Square yard =1 ss1 -0000_,.9_os,1_e s_. s si_ 2s_o. Square metre 0000Y19006 305 15249 (0, 61, 299) Acre Hectare Quart Litre Pound Kilogramme _4 36_ _I_0 52 0.00 _12, 11.01 ,I3 4,22 11 (1 1, T5r,9744 ,53' 500 T~00004"685 29392 (ii.) Special
121. Commercial Arithmetic.This term covers practically all dealings with money which involve the application of the principle of proportion. A simple class of cases is that which deals with equivalence of sums of money in different currencies; these cases really come under 120. In other cases we are concerned with a proportion stated as a numerical percentage, or as a money percentage (i.e. a sum of money per loo), or as a rate in the or the shilling. The following are some examples. Percentage: Brokerage, commission, discount, dividend, interest
Text-books on arithmetic usually contain explanations of the chief
interest
122. Percentages and Rates in the .In dealing with percent-ages and rates it is important to notice whether the sum which is expressed as a percentage of a rate on another sum is a part of or an addition to that sum, or whether they are independent of one another. Income tax, for instance, is calculated on income, and is in the nature of a deduction from the income; but local rates are calculated in proportion to certain other payments, actual or potential, and could without absurdity exceed 20S. in the . It is also important to note that if the increase or decrease of an amount A by a certain percentage produces B, it will require a different percentage to decrease or increase B to A. Thus, if B is 20% less than A, A is 25% greater than B. 123. Interest is usually calculated yearly or half-yearly, at a certain rate per cent. on the principal. In legal documents the rate is sometimes expressed as a certain sum of money " per centum per annum "; here " centum " must be taken to mean " loo.,, Simple interest arises where unpaid interest accumulates as a debt not itself bearing interest; but, if this debt bears interest, the total, i.e. interest and interest on interest, is called compound interest. If roor is the rate per cent. per annum, the simple interest on D. for n years is nrA, and the compound interest (supposing interest payable yearly) is [(1+r)-1]A. If n is large, the compound interest is most easily calculated by means of logarithms. 124. Discount is of various kinds. Tradesmen allow discount for ready money, this being usually at so much in the shilling or . Discount may be allowed twice in succession off quoted prices; in such cases the second discount is off the reduced price, and there-fore it is not correct to add the two rates of discount together. Thus a discount of 20%, followed by a further discount of 25%,gives a total discount of 40 %, not 45 %, off the original
125. Applications to Physics are numerous, but are usually only of special
interval
Reaumur they are o and 8o. From these data a temperature as measured on one scale can be expressed on either of the other two scales.126. Averages occur in statistics, economics, &c. An average is found by adding together several measurements of the same kind and dividing by the number of measurements. In calculating an average it should be observed that the addition of any numerical quantity (positive or negative) to each of the measurements produces the addition of the same quantity to the average, so that the calculation may often be simplified by taking some particular measurement as a new zero from which to measure. End of Article: WEIGHT If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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