WEBSTER, JOHN (fl. 1602-1624)

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 463 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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WEBSTER, JOHN (fl. 1602-1624) , English dramatist, was a writer for the stage in the year 1602, when he had a share in three plays noted by Philip Henslow, and he published in 1624 the city pageant for that year, " invented and written by John

Webster

, merchant-tailor." In the same year a tragedy by Ford and

Webster

, A

late

LATE

Murther of the Sonn upon the Mother, was licensed for the stage; it is one of the numberless treasures now lost to us through the carelessness of genius or the malignity of chance. Beyond the period included between these two dates there are no traces to be found of his existence; nor is anything known of it with any certainty during that period, except that seven plays appeared with his name on the title page, three of them only the work of his unassisted hand. He was the author of certain additions to Marston's tragi-comedy of The Malcontent (1604); these probably do not extend beyond the induction, a curious and vivacious prelude to a powerful and irregular work of somewhat morbid and sardonic genius. Three years later, in 1607, two comedies and a tragedy, " written by Thomas

Dekker

and John Webster," were given to the press. The comedies are lively and humorous, full of

movement

MOVEMENT

and incident; but the beautiful interlude of poetry which distinguishes the second scene of the fourth act of Westward Ho! is unmistakably and unquestionably the work of

Dekker

; while the companion comedy of Northward Ho! is composed throughout of homespun and coarse-grained

prose

PROSE

. The Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyatt is apparently a most awkward and injurious abridgment of an historical play in two parts on a pathetic but undramatic subject, the fate of Lady Jane Grey. In this lost play of Lady Jane (noted by Henslow in 1602) Heywood, Dekker, Chettle and Smith had also taken part; so that even in its

original

ORIGINAL

form it can hardly have been other than a rough piece of patchwork. There are some touches of simple eloquence and rude dramatic ability in the mangled and corrupt residue which is all that survives of it; but on the whole this " history " is crude, meagre, and unimpressive. In 1612 John Webster stood revealed to the then somewhat narrow world of readers as a tragic poet and dramatist of the very foremost rank in the very highest class. The White Devil, also known as Vittoria Corombona,l is a tragedy based on events then comparatively recenton a chronicle of crime and retribution in which the leading circumstances were altered and adapted with the most delicate art and the most consummate judgment from the incompleteness of incomposite reality to the requisites of the stage of Shakespeare. By him alone among English poets have the finest scenes and passages of this tragedy been ever surpassed or equalled in the crowning qualities of tragic or dramatic poetryin pathos and passion, in subtlety and strength, in harmonious variety of art and infallible fidelity to nature. Eleven years had elapsed when the twin masterpiece of its authorif not indeed a still greater or more absolute masterpiecewas published by the poet who had given it to the stage seven years before. The Duchess of Malfy 2 (an Anglicized version of Amalfi, corresponding to such designations as Florence, Venice and Naples) was probably brought on the stage about the time of the death of Shakespeare; it was first printed in the memorable year which witnessed the first publication of his collected plays. This tragedy stands out among its compeers as one of the imperishable and ineradicable land-marks of literature. All the great qualities apparent in The White Devil reappear in The Duchess of Malfy, combined with a yet more perfect execution, and utilized with a yet more consummate
I The White Divel; or, The Tragedy of Paulo Giordano Ursini, Duke of Brachiano, with the Life and Death of Vittoria Corombona, the famous Venetian Curtizan (1612). Other editions, with varying title-pages, 1631, 1665, 1672.
2 The Dutchess of Malfey, A Tragedy. As it was approvedly well acted at Blackfriers . . . (1623). The plot is taken from a novel by Bandello, and is also the subject of a tragedy by Lope de Vega, El Mayor Domo de la duquessa d'Amalfi.
skill. No poet has ever so long and so successfully sustained at their utmost height and intensity the expressed emotions and the united effects of terror and pity. The transcendent imagination and the impassioned sympathy which inspire this most tragic of all tragedies save King Lear are fused together in the fourth act into a creation which has hardly been excelled for unflagging energy of impression and of pathos in all the dramatic or poetic literature of the world. Its wild and fearful sublimity of invention is not more exceptional than the exquisite justice and tenderness and subtlety of its expression. Some of these executive merits may be found in an ill-constructed and ill-conditioned tragi-comedy which was printed in the same year; but few readers will care to remember much more of The Devil's Law Case than the admirable scenes and passages which found favour in the unerring and untiring sight of Webster's first and final interpreter or commentator, Charles Lamb. Thirty-one yearslater (1654) the noble tragedy of Appius and Virginia was given to the worlda work which would alone have sufficed to perpetuate the memory of its author among all competent lovers of English poetry at its best. Seven years afterwards an unprincipled and ignorant bookseller published, under the title of Two New Playes: viz. A Cure for a Cuckold: a Comedy. The Thracian Wonder, A Comical History. As it hath been several times acted with great Applause, two plays of which he assigned the authorship to John Webster and William Rowley. This attribution may or may not be accurate; the former play is a mixture of coarsely realistic farce and gracefully romantic comedy. An elegy on Henry, prince of Wales, and a few slight occasional verses, compose the rest of Webster's remaining extant works.
[Edward Phillips, in his Theatrum poetarum, wrongly attributed to him a share in The Weakest goes to the

Wall

WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the
original
- ORIGINAL
O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

. The play of Guise, mentioned by Webster himself in the introduction to The Devil's Law Case, is lost.]
Webster's claims to a place among the

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

writers of his country were ignored for upwards of two centuries. In 183o the Rev. Alexander Dyce first collected and edited the works of a poet who had found his first adequate recognition twenty-two years earlier at the pious and fortunate hands of Lamb. But we cannot imagine that a presentiment or even a fore-knowledge of this long delay in the payment of a debt so long due from his countrymen to the memory of so great a poet would seriously have disturbed or distressed the mind of the man who has given us the clue to his nature in a single and an imperishable sentence" I rest silent in my own work." (A. C. S.)
See The Works of John Webster; with some Account of the Author and Notes, by Alexander Dyce (new ed., 1857) ; The Dramatic Works of John Webster, edited by William Hazlitt the younger (1857); The Best Plays of Webster and Tourneur, edited by J. A. Symonds for the " Mermaid "

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

(18881903) ; Love's Graduate ... (Oxford, 1885), in which Webster's supposed share in A Cure for a Cuckold is presented separately by S.

Spring

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

-Rice, with an introduction by Edmund Gosse. See also E. Gosse, Seventeenth-Century Studies (1883); and especially an exhaustive treatise by E. E. Stoll, John Webster, The Periods of his Work as determined by his Relations to the Drama of his Day (Boston, Massachusetts, 1905). Mr Stoll's account (see p. 42) shows that the additional biographical suggestions made by Mr Sidney Lee in his article in the Dict. Nat. Biog. are not supported.

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