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Encyclopedia Britannica



WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841 )

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 320 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: VIR-WAT
WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841 ) , American geologist and sociologist, was born in Joliet, Illinois, on the 18th of June 1841. He graduated at Columbian (now George Washington) University in 1869 and from the law school of the same university in 1871, his education having been delayed by his service in the Union army during the Civil War. In 18651872 he was employed in the United States Treasury Department, and became assistant geologist in 1881 and geologist in 1888 to the U.S. Geological Survey. In 18841886 he was professor of botany in Columbian University. He wrote much on paleobotany, including A Sketch of Paleobotany (1885), The Geographical Distribution of Fossil Plants (1888) and The Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States (1905). He is better known, however, for his
work
  in sociology, in which, modifying
Herbert
 
Spencer
  and refuting the Spencerian individualism, he paralleled social with psychological and physical phenomena. His more important works are: Dynamic Sociology (1883, 2nd ed. 1897), Psychic Factors of Civilization (1897), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Sociology and Economics (1899), Pure Sociology (1903), and, with J. Q. Dealy, Text-Book of Sociology (19o5).
See an appreciation by L. Gumplowicz, in Die Zeit (Vienna, loth Aug. 1904) ; reprinted in English in vol. x. of The American Journal of Sociology.


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