WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841 )

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 320 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841 ) , American geologist and sociologist, was born in Joliet, Illinois, on the 18th of June 1841. He graduated at Columbian (now George Washington) University in 1869 and from the law school of the same university in 1871, his education having been delayed by his service in the Union army during the Civil War. In 18651872 he was employed in the United States Treasury Department, and became assistant geologist in 1881 and geologist in 1888 to the U.S. Geological Survey. In 18841886 he was professor of botany in Columbian University. He wrote much on paleobotany, including A Sketch of Paleobotany (1885), The Geographical Distribution of Fossil Plants (1888) and The Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States (1905). He is better known, however, for his

work

WORK

in sociology, in which, modifying

Herbert

HERBERT (FAMILY)
HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
HERBERT,
HENRY
- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G.
  heim
  - HEIM, ALBERT VON ST GALLEN (1849- )
  - HEIM, FRANCOIS JOSEPH (1787-1865)
  , the Eng.
  home
  - HOME
  - HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
  - HOME, EARLS OF
  , and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- EDWARD
  - EDWARD
  _LAMSON_1841_.html">HENRY,
  EDWARD
  - EDWARD
  LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF
  BATTENBERG
  - BATTENBERG
  (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
WILLIAM
THOMAS
_1606_1682_.html">HERBERT, SIR
THOMAS
(1606-1682)

Spencer

SPENCER
SPENCER,
HERBERT
- HERBERT (FAMILY)
- HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
- HERBERT,
  HENRY
  - HENRY
  - HENRY (1129-1195)
  - HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
  - HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
  - HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G.
    heim
    - HEIM, ALBERT VON ST GALLEN (1849- )
    - HEIM, FRANCOIS JOSEPH (1787-1865)
    , the Eng.
    home
    - HOME
    - HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
    - HOME, EARLS OF
    , and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
  - HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
  - HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
  - HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
  - HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
  - HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
  - HENRY, PRINCE OF
    BATTENBERG
    - BATTENBERG
    (1858-1896)
  - HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
  - HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
  - HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
  WILLIAM
- HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)
(1820-1903)
SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD
EARL
- EARL
(1782-1845)
SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

and refuting the Spencerian individualism, he paralleled social with psychological and physical phenomena. His more important works are: Dynamic Sociology (1883, 2nd ed. 1897), Psychic Factors of Civilization (1897), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Sociology and Economics (1899), Pure Sociology (1903), and, with J. Q. Dealy, Text-Book of Sociology (19o5).
See an appreciation by L. Gumplowicz, in Die Zeit (Vienna, loth Aug. 1904) ; reprinted in English in vol. x. of The American Journal of Sociology.

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