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Encyclopedia Britannica



WARD, JAMES (1843 )

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 320 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: VIR-WAT
WARD, JAMES (1843 ) , English psychologist and meta-physician, was born at Hull on the 27th of January 1843. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute, at Berlin and Gottingen, and at Trinity College,
Cambridge
 ; he also worked in the physiological laboratory at
Leipzig
 . He studied originally for the Congregational ministry, and for a year was minister of
Emmanuel
 
Church
 ,
Cambridge
 . Subsequently he devoted himself to psychological research, became fellow of his college in 1875 and university professor of mental philosophy in 1897. He was
Gifford
  lecturer at Aberdeen in 18951897, and at St Andrews in 1908-191o. His
work
  shows the influence of Leibnitz and Lotze, as well as of the biological theory of evolution. His psychology marks the definite break with the sensationalism of the English school; experience is interpreted as a continuum into which distinctions are gradually introduced by the action of selective attention; the implication of the subject in experience is emphasized; and the operation in development of subjective, as well as natural, selection is maintained. In his metaphysical
work
  the
analysis
  of scientific concepts leads to a criticism of naturalism and of dualism, and to a view of reality as a unity which implies both subjective and objective factors. This view is further worked out, through criticism of pluralism and as a theistic interpretation of the world, in his St Andrews
Gifford
  Lectures (the
Realm
  of Ends).
Beside the article " Psychology " in the Ency. Brit. (9th, loth and 11th ed.) he has published Naturalism and Agnosticism (1899, 3rd ed. 1907), besides numerous articles in the
Journal
  of
Physiology
 , Mind, and the British
Journal
  of Psychology.


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