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Encyclopedia Britannica



VULCAN (Volcanos)

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 221 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: VIR-WAT
VULCAN (Volcanos) , the Roman god of fire, and more especially of devouring flame (Virg. Aen. 5. 662). Whether he was also, like
Hephaestus
 , the deity of smiths, is very doubtful; his surname Mulciber may rather be referred to his power to allay conflagrations. In the Comitium was an " area Volcani," also called " Volcanal "; and here on the 23rd of August (Volcanalia) the Flamen Volcanalis sacrificed, and the heads of Roman families threw into the fire small fish, which the Tiber fishermen sold on the spot. This flamen also sacrificed on the 1st of May to Maia, who in an old
prayer
 
formula
  (Gellius 13. 23) was coupled with Volcanus as Maia Volcani. It is not easy to explain these survivals of an old cult. But in historical times the association of this god with conflagrations becomes very apparent; when
Augustus
  organised the city in regiones and vici to check the
constant
  danger from firest the magistri vicorum (
officers
  of administrative districts) worshipped him as Volcanus quietus
augustus
  (CLL. vi. Sol and 802) and on the 23rd of August there was a sacrifice to him together with Ops Opifera and the Nymphae, which suggests the need of water in quenching the flames. At Ostia, where much of the corn was stored which fed the Roman
population
 , the cult of this god became famous; and it is probable that the fixing of his festival in August by the early Romans had some reference to the danger to the newly harvested corn from fire in that month. (W. W. F.*)


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