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Encyclopedia Britannica



VITELLIUS, AULUS

This article appears in Volume V28, Page 147 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: VIR-WAT
VITELLIUS, AULUS , Roman emperor from the 2nd of January to the 22nd of December A.D. 69, was born. on the 24th of September A.D. 15. He was the son of Lucius
Vitellius
 , who had been
consul
  and
governor
  of Syria under Tiberius. Aulus was
consul
  in 48, and (perhaps in 6o-61) proconsul of Africa, in which capacity he is said to have acquitted himself with credit. Under Galba, to the general astonishment, at the end of 68 he was chosen to command the army of Lower Germany, and here he made himself popular with his subalterns and with the soldiers by outrageous prodigality and excessive good nature, which soon proved fatal to order and discipline. Far from being ambitious or scheming, he was lazy and self-indulgent, fond of eating and drinking, and owed his
elevation
  to the throne to Caecina and Valens, commanders of two legions on the Rhine. Through these two men a military revolution was speedily accomplished, and early in 69
Vitellius
  was pro-claimed emperor at Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne), or, more accurately, emperor of the armies of Upper and Lower Germany. In fact, he was never acknowledged as emperor by the entire Roman world, though at Rome the senate accepted him and decreed to him the usual imperial honours. He advanced into Italy at the head of a licentious and ruffianly soldiery, and Rome became the
scene
  of riot and massacre, gladiatorial shows and extravagant feasting. As soon as it was known that the armies of the
East
 , Dalmatia and Illyricum had declared for Vespasian, Vitellius, deserted by many of his adherents, would have resigned the title of emperor. It was said that the terms of resignation had actually been agreed upon with Primus, one of Vespasian's
chief
  supporters, but the praetorians refused to allow him to carry out the agreement,
VITERBO 147
and forced him to return to the palace, when he was on his way to deposit the insignia of
empire
  in the temple of Concord. On the entrance of Vespasian's troops into Rome he was dragged out of some miserable hiding-place, driven to the fatal Gemonian stairs, and there struck down. " Yet I was once your emperor," were the last and, as far as we know, the noblest words of Vitellius. During his brief administration Vitellius showed indications of a desire to govern wisely, but he was completely under the
control
  of Valens and Caecina, who for their own ends encouraged him in a course of vicious excesses which threw his better qualities into the background.
See Tacitus, Histories; Suetonius, Vitellius; Dio
Cassius
  lxv.; Merivale, Hirt. of the Romans under the
Empire
 , chs. 56, 57; H. Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiserzeit, i. pt. I ; W. A. Spooner's ed. of the Histories of Tacitus (introduction); B. W. Henderson, Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire, A.D. 69-70 (1908).


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