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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: VAN-VIR |
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VESPUCCI, AMERIGO (14511512) , merchant and adventurer, who gave his name of Amerigo to the new world as America, was born at Florence on the 9th of March 1451. His father, Nastagio (Anastasio) Vespucci, was a notary, and his uncle, Fra Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, to whom he owed his education, was a scholarly Dominican and a friend of Savonarola. As a student Amerigo is said to have shown a preference for natural philosophy, astronomy and geography, He was placed as a clerk in the great commercial house
letter of the 3oth of December 1492 shows that he was then in Seville; and till the lath of January 1496 he seems to have usually resided in Spain, especially at Seville and Cadiz, probably as an agent of the Medici. In December 1495, on the death of a Florentine merchant, Juanoto Berardi, established at Seville, who had fitted out the second expedition of Columlius in 1493, and had also under-taken to fit out twelve ships for the king of Spain (April 9th, 1495), Vespucci was commissioned to complete the contract . As Ferdinand, on the loth of April 1495, recalled the monopoly conceded to Columbus (this order of April loth, 1495, was cancelled on June 2nd, 1497), " private " exploring now had an opportunity, and adventurers of all kinds were able to leave Spain for the West. Vespucci claims to have sailed with one of these " free-lance " expeditions from Cadiz on the loth of May 1497. Touching at Grand Canary
Canary
leagues more to north and north-east to the islands of the people called " Iti," from which they returned to Spain, reaching Cadiz on the 15th of October 1498. Still following Vespucci's own statement, he, on the 16th of May 1499, started on a second voyage in a fleet of three ships under Alonzo de Ojeda (Hojeda). Sailing south-west over 500 leagues they crossed the ocean in forty-four days, finding land in 5 S. Thence, encountering various adventures, they worked up to 15 N., and returned to Spain by way of Antiglia (Espanola, San Domingo), reaching Cadiz on the 8th of September 15oo. Entering the service of Dom Manuel of Portugal, Vespucci claims to have taken part in a third American expedition, which left Lisbon on the loth (or 15th) of May 15oi. Vespucci has given two accounts of this alleged third voyage, differing in many details, especially dates and distances. From Portugal he declares that he sailed to Bezeguiche (Cape Verde), and thence south-west for 700 leagues, reaching the American coast in 5 S. on the 7th (or 17th) of August. Thence eastward for 300 (150) leagues, and south and west to 52 S. (or 73 3o'; in his own words, " r3 from the antarctic pole," i.e. well into the antarctic continent). He returned, he adds, by Sierra Leone (June loth), and the Azores (end of July), to Lisbon (September 7th, 1502). His second Portuguese (and fourth and last American) voyage, as alleged by him, was destined for Malacca, which he supposed to be in 330 S. (really in 2 14' N.). Starting from Lisbon on the loth of May 1503, with a fleet of six ships, and reaching Bahia by way of Fernando Noronha (?), Vespucci declares that he built a fort at a harbour in 18 S., and thence returned to Lisbon (June 18th, 1504). In February 1505, being again in Spain, he visited Christopher Columbus, who entrusted to him a letter for his son Diego. On the 24th of April 1505, Vespucci received Spanish letters of naturalization; and on the 6th of August 1508 was appointed piloto mayor or chief
If his own account had been trustworthy, it would have followed that Vespucci reached the mainland of America eight days before John Cabot (June 16th against June 24th, 1497). But Vespucci's own statement of his exploring achievements hardly carries conviction. This statement is contained (i.) in his letter written from Lisbon (March or April 1503) to Lorenzo Piero Francesco di Medici, the head of the firm under which his business career had been mostly spent, describing the alleged Portuguese voyage of March 15orSeptember 1502. The original
original
opinion (in spite of F. A. de Varnhagen, Amerigo Vespucci, son caractere, ses ecrits. . . sa vie . . . , Lima, 1865, and other pro-Vespuccian works) has been that Vespucci did not make the 1497 voyage, and that he had no share in the first discovery of the American continent.See also R. H. Major, Prince Henry the Navigator (London, 1868), pp. 36788; F. A. de Varnhagen, Le Premier voyage de Amerigo Vespucci (Vienna, 1869) ; Nouvelles recherches sur les derniers voyages du navigateur florentin (Vienna, 1869) ; Ainda Amerigo Vespucci, Neves estudos (Vienna, 1874) ; Luigi Hugues, Il terzo viaggio di A. Vespucci (Florence, 1878) ; " Alcune considerazioni sul Prime Viaggio di A. Vespucci," in the Bolletino of the Italian Geographical Society, series ii. vol. x. pp. 248-63, 36780 (Rome, 1885) ; " Il quarto Viaggio di A. Vespucci," in the same Bolletino, year xx., vol. xxiii. pp. 53254 (Rome, 1886) ; " Sul nome' America 'in the same Bolletino, series iii. vol. i. pp. 40427, 51530 (Rome, 1888), and an earlier study under the same title (Turin, 1886) ; " Sopra due lettere di A. Vespucci," in the same, series iii. vol. iv. pp. 84972, 92951 (Rome, 1891); Narrative and Critical History of America, edited by Justin Winsor, vol. ii. pp. 12986 (1886) ; The Letters of A. Vespucci (translation, &c., by Clements R. Markham, London, Hakluyt Society, 1894) ; H. Harrisse, A. Vespuccius (London, 1895); Jos. Fischer and F. R. von Weiser, The Oldest Map with the Name America ... (Innsbruck
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