VERRIUS FLACCUS, MARCUS (c. ro B.C.)

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 1039 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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VERRIUS FLACCUS, MARCUS (c. ro B.C.) , Roman grammarian and teacher, flourished under

Augustus

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

and Tiberius. He was a freedman, and his manumitter has been identified with Verrius Flaccus, an authority on pontifical law; but for chronological reasons the name of Veranius Flaccus, a writer on augury, has been suggested (Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Lit. 199, 4). He gained such a reputation by his methods of instruction that he was summoned to court to bring up Gaius and Lucius, the grandsons of

Augustus

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

. He removed there with his whole school, and his salary was greatly increased on the condition that he took no fresh pupils. He died at an advanced age during the reign of Tiberius (Suetonius, De Grammaticis, 17), and a statue in his honour was erected at Praeneste, in a marblerecess, with

inscriptions

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

from his

Fasti

FASTI

. Flaccus was also a distinguished philologist and antiquarian investigator. For his most important work (De Verborum Significatu) see FESTUS, SEXTUS. Of the calendar of Roman festivals (

Fasti

FASTI

Praenestini) engraved on marble and set up in the forum at Praeneste, some fragments were discovered (1771) at some distance from the town itself in a Christian building of later date, and some consular fasti in the forum itself (1778). The collection was subsequently increased by two new fragments.
Other lost works of Flaccus were: De 0r"thographia: De Obscuris Catonis, an elucidation of obscurities in the writings of the elder Cato; Saturnus, dealing with questions of Roman ritual; Rerum memoria dignarum libri, an encyclopaedic work much used by Pliny the elder; Res Etruscae, probably on augury.
For the fragments of the Fasti see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum,
i. pp. 311, 474; G. Gatti, " Due nuovi Frammenti del Calendario di Verrio Flacco," in Atti delta r. Accademia dei Lincei, 5th ser., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 421 (1898) ; Winther, De fastis Verrii Flacci ab Ovidio adhibitis (1885) ; J. E. Sandys, Classical Scholarship (ed. 1906), vol. i., index, s.v. " Verrius "; fragments of Flaccus in C. O. Mtiller's edition of Festus; see also H. Nettleship, Lectures and Essays. VERROCCHIO, ANDREA DEL (1435-1488), Italian gold-smith, sculptor and painter, was born at Florence. He was the son of Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, and took his name from his master, the goldsmith Giuliano Verrocchi. Except through his works, little is known of his life. As a painter he occupies an important position from the fact that Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi worked for many years in his bottega as pupils and' assistants. Only one existing painting can be attributed with absolute certainty to Verrocchio's hand, the celebrated " Baptism of Christ," originally painted for the monks of Vallombrosa, and now in the academy of Florence. The figures of Christ and the Baptist are executed with great vigour and refinement of

touch

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

, but are rather hard and angular in style. The two angels are of a much more graceful cast; the face of one is of especial beauty, and Vasari is probably right in saying that this head was painted by the young Leonardo. Other pictures from Verrocchio's bottega probably exist, as, for example, two in the National Gallery of London formerly attributed to Ant. Pollaluolo" Tobias and the

Angel

ANGEL

" (No 781) and the very lovely " Madonna and Angels " (No. 296), both very brilliant and jewel-like in colour. This exquisite painting may possibly have been painted from Verrocchio's design by Lorenzo di Credi while he was under the immediate influence of his wonderful fellow-pupil, Da Vinci.'
In examining Verrocchio's work as a sculptor we are on surer ground. One of his earliest works was the beautiful marble medallion of the Madonna, over the tomb of Leonardo Bruni of Arezzo in the church of Santa Croce at Florence. In 1472 Verrocchio completed the fine tomb of Giovanni and Piero de' Medici, between the sacristy and the lady chapel of San Lorenzo at Florence. This consists of a great

porphyry

PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

sarcophagus enriched with magnificent acanthus foliage in bronze. Above it is a graceful open bronze grill, made like a network of cordage. In 1474 Verrocchio began the monument to Cardinal Forteguerra at the west end of Pistoia cathedral. The kneeling figure of the cardinal was never completed, and now lies in a room of La Sapienza, but the whole design is shown in what is probably Verrocchio's

original

ORIGINAL

clay sketch, now in the South Kensington Museum. Though this work was designed by Verrocchio, the actual execution of it was entrusted to his assistant, the Florentine Lorenzetto. In 1476 Verrocchio modelled and cast the fine but too realistic bronze statue of David, now in the Bargello (Florence); and in the following year he completed one of the reliefs of the magnificent silver altar-frontal of the Florentine baptistery, that representing the " Beheading of St John." Verrocchio's other works in the precious metals are now lost, but Vasari records that he made many elaborate pieces of plate and jewelry, such as morses for copes, as well as a

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of silver statues of the Apostles for the pope's chapel in the Vatican. Between 1478 and 1483 he was occupied in making the bronze group of the " Unbelief of St Thomas," which still stands in
See Crowe and Cavalcaselle, Painting in Italy (London, 1864),
ii. pp. 400 seq.
one of the external niches of Or San Michele (Florence). He received Boo florins for these two figures, which are more remarkable for the excellence of their technique than for their sculpturesque beauty. The attitudes are rather rigid and the faces hard in expression. V e r r o cchio's

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

master-piece was the colossal bronze equestrian statue of the Venetian general Bartolommeo Colleoni, which stands in the piazza of SS. Giovanni e Paolo at Venice. Verrocchio received the order for this statue in 1479, but had only completed the model when he died in 1488. In spite of his request that the casting should be entrusted to his pupil Lorenzo di Credi, the work was given to Alessandro Leopardi by the Venetian senate, and the statue was gilt and unveiled in 1496.1 There appears to be no doubt that the model was completed by Verrocchio himself, and that nothing more than its reproduction in bronze should be attributed to the much feebler hand of Leopardi, who, however, has set his own name alone on the belly-band of the horseALEXANDER - LEOPARDVS V. F. OPUS. This is perhaps the noblest equestrian statue in the world, being in some respects superior to the antique bronze of Marcus Aurelius in Rome and to that of Gattamelata at Padua by Donatello. The horse is designed with wonderful

nobility

NOBILITY

and spirit, and the easy pose of the great general, combining perfect balance with absolute ease and security in the saddle, is a marvel of sculpturesque ability. Most remarkable skill is shown by the way in which Verrocchio has exaggerated the strongly marked features of the general, so that nothing of its powerful effect is lost by the lofty position of the head. According to Vasari, Verrocchio was one of the first sculptors who made a practical use of casts from living and dead subjects. He is said also to have produced plastic works in terra-cotta, wood and in wax decorated with colour. As a sculptor his

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

pupil was Francesco di Simone, the son of that Simone whom Vasari wrongly calls a brother of Donatello. Another pupil was Agnolo di Polo (Paolo), who worked chiefly in terra-cotta.
Verrocchio died in Venice in 1488, and was buried in the church of St Ambrogio in Florence.
See also Hans Mackowsky, " Verrocchio . . . Mit 8o Abbildungen " (1901), Kiinster Monographien, No. 52. (J. H. M.)

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