VALET (Fr. valet; O. Fr. vaslet)

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 860 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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VALET (Fr. valet; O. Fr. vaslet) , a term now restricted in meaning to that of a

gentleman

GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its
original
- ORIGINAL
and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

's personal servant. The origin of the word is debated. Du Cange (Glossarium, s. Valeti) explains it as the diminutive of vassallus, a vassal, the sons of vassalli being termed vasseleti (and so vasleti, valeti), on the analogy of domicelli (damoiseaux) for the sons of domini. This view is also taken by W. W. Skeat (Etym. Diet. s. " Varlet "); but Hatzfeld and Darmesteter (Diet. gen. de la langue francaise), dispute this derivation as phonetically impossible, preferring that from vassulittus from a hypothetical vassulus, diminutive of vassus, from which vassallus also is ultimately derived (see VASSAL). Just as vassus was in Merovingian times the Gallo-Roman word for " servitor," which the Franks borrowed to designate the domestic soldiers of their kings, so " valet " retained this, its sole surviving sense, throughout the middle ages. Yet the phrase "

gentleman

GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its
original
- ORIGINAL
and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

's gentleman," commonly used of the modern valet, is more historical than may at first sight appear. For valet, like

esquire

ESQUIRE (0. Fr. escuyer, Mod. Fr. ecuyer, derived through the form escudier from Med. Lat. scutarius, " shield-bearer ")

(ecuyer), long signified the apprentice stage of

knighthood

KNIGHTHOOD

, at first with a certain difference, the

esquire

ESQUIRE (0. Fr. escuyer, Mod. Fr. ecuyer, derived through the form escudier from Med. Lat. scutarius, " shield-bearer ")

being mounted, the valet unmounted, but afterwards with scarce a shade of distinction. Later, " valet " became the usual term for gentlemen who were not knights. In England it was not till the early years of the 14th century that valletus in this sense was superseded by armiger, and that " valet " (valete, vadlete, verlet, varlet') began to be applied to the class of free men below the rank of esquire. In France the word valet, though in Saintonge and Poitou it survived till the close of the 14th century, had elsewherelike damciseaumuch earlier been replaced generally by ecuyer as the designation of an unknighted gentleman.
At the outset, " valet " had meant no more than " youth " or " boy." Thus Wace in the Roman de Rou (III. v. 2903), speaking of William the Conqueror, says: Guillaume fir vadlel petiz (" William was a little boy "). The various developments of the word are closely parallel with those of some of its synonyms. Youth suggested both strength and service, the qualifications for

nobility

NOBILITY

in a primitive society, where service in arms was the title to rank. Puer (boy) was early used, as a synonym for vassus, of the soldiers of the Frankish

body

BODY

-guard (pucri ad ministerium); the Greek TEKVOV (" child ") is etymologically related to O.H. Ger. degan, M.H. and Mod. Ger. degen, " warrior," AS. thegn, " thane "; " child " itself was applied in the 13th and 14th centuries to

young

men of gentle

birth

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

awaiting

knighthood

KNIGHTHOOD

, as a title of dignity, and was perhaps a translation of valet (see CHILD), with which may be compared the Spanish infanzon and German junker. So, too, cniht (a "lad" or "servant "), becomes first a warrior and then develops into a title of dignity as " knight," while in Germany the parallel word knecht remains as " servant." But valet has also shared with other synonyms a downward development. Just as "

knave

KNAVE (O.E. cnafa, cognate with Ger. Knabe, boy)

" (cnafa) meant originally a boy (cf. Ger. knabc) or servant, and has come to mean a rogue, so valet in its English (15th century) form of " varlet ". had decayed, before it became obsolete, from its meaning of " servant " to signify a " scoundrel " or " low fellow."
See Du Cange, Glossarium (ed. Niort, 1887); A.

Luchaire

LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

, Manuel des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892) ; P. Giulhiermoz, Essai sur l'origine de la noblesse en France au moyen age (Paris, 1902); Note on the word " Valet " by Maurice Church, App. xix. to Sir R. Hennell's Hist. of the Yeomen of the Guard (Westminster, 1904).
(W. A. P.)

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