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Encyclopedia Britannica



TYMPANON, or TYMPANUM

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 498 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: TUM-VAN
TYMPANON, or TYMPANUM (Gr. rbg ravov, from T117rTEaV,
to strike), a name applied by the Romans to both kettledrum and tambourine, in the case of the latter sometimes qualified by leve. The tympanum leve, generally included among the tympana, described as being like a. sieve, was the tambourine used in the
rites
  of Bacchus and Cybele. Pliny doubtless described half pearls having one side round and the other flat, as tympania, on account of their resemblance to the tympanum or kettledrum, which, in its primitive form, innocent of screws or mechanism for tightening the head, exactly resembled the half pearl. During the middle ages the tympanum was gene-rally a tambourine, the kettledrum being known as nacaire.
In architecture the
term
  tympanum is given to the triangular space enclosed between the
horizontal
  cornice of the
entablature
  and the sloping cornice of the pediment. Though sometimes left plain, in the most celebrated Greek temples it was filled with sculpture of the highest standard ever attained. In Romanesque and '
Gothic
 
work
  the
term
  is applied to the space above the lintel or
architrave
  of a
door
  and the discharging arch over it, which was also enriched either with geometrical patterns or in later
work
  with groups of figures; those in continental work are usually arranged in tiers. The upper portion of a gable when enclosed with a
horizontal
 
string
 -course, is also termed a tympanum.


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