TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top)

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 412 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: TUM-VAN

TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top) , in engineering, a machine which applies the energy of a jet of water or steam to produce the rotation of a

shaft

. It consists essentially of a wheel or chamber provided with a number of blades or vanes upon which the fluid jet impinges; the impelled fluid causes the blades to rotate and also the

shaft

to which they are attached. Water turbines are treated under HYDRAULICS, and steam turbines under STEAM

ENGINE

ENGINE
ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

.
TURBOT' (Rhombus maximus or Psetta

maxima

MAXIMA

), one of the largest and most valuable of the flat-fishes or Pleuronectidae. The turbot, which rarely exceeds a length of two feet, has

great

GREAT

width of

body

BODY

, and is scaleless, but is covered with conical bony tubercles. The eyes are on the left side of the

body

BODY

, the lower being slightly in advance of the upper; the mouth is large and armed with teeth of uniformly minute size. The turbot is found all round the coasts of Europe (except in the extreme north), preferring a flat sandy bottom with from to to 50 fathoms of water. The broad banks off the Dutch coast are a favourite resort. It is a voracious fish, and feeds on other fish, crustaceans and molluscs. It seems to constantly

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

its abode, wandering northward during the summer, and going into deeper water in the cold season. The eggs of the turbot, like those of the

majority

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

of flat-fishes, are pelagic and buoyant. They are small and very numerous, varying from five to ten millions in fish of 18 to 21 lb weight. The

young

fish are symmetrical and . swim
' The word " turbot " is of

great

GREAT

antiquity, perhaps of Celtic origin; it is preserved in French in the same form as in English, and is composed of two words, of which the second is identical with the " but in halibut and with the German " Butte," which signifies flat-fish. The German name for the turbot is " Steinbutte."
vertically like the

young

of other Pleuronectids, but they reach a much larger size before metamorphosis than species of other genera, specimens from a in. to 1 in. in length being frequently taken

swimming

SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

at the surface of the water and not completely converted into the adult condition. Specimens one year old are from 3 to 4 in. long, some perhaps larger. About 186o it was estimated that the Dutch supplied turbot to the London market to the value of 8o;000 a year. In 1900 the total weight of turbot landed on English and Welsh coasts for the year was according to the Board of Trade returns 60,715 cwt. valued at 252,680. The turbot is also common, though not abundant, in the Mediterranean, and is replaced in the Black Sea by an allied species with much larger bony tubercles (Rh. maeoticus). Both species grow to a large size, being usually sold at from 5 to 10 lb; but the common turbot is stated to attain to a weight of 30 lb.

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