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Encyclopedia Britannica



TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top)

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 412 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: TUM-VAN
TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top) , in engineering, a machine which applies the energy of a jet of water or steam to produce the rotation of a
shaft
 . It consists essentially of a wheel or chamber provided with a number of blades or vanes upon which the fluid jet impinges; the impelled fluid causes the blades to rotate and also the
shaft
  to which they are attached. Water turbines are treated under HYDRAULICS, and steam turbines under STEAM
ENGINE
 .
TURBOT' (Rhombus maximus or Psetta
maxima
 ), one of the largest and most valuable of the flat-fishes or Pleuronectidae. The turbot, which rarely exceeds a length of two feet, has
great
  width of
body
 , and is scaleless, but is covered with conical bony tubercles. The eyes are on the left side of the
body
 , the lower being slightly in advance of the upper; the mouth is large and armed with teeth of uniformly minute size. The turbot is found all round the coasts of Europe (except in the extreme north), preferring a flat sandy bottom with from to to 50 fathoms of water. The broad banks off the Dutch coast are a favourite resort. It is a voracious fish, and feeds on other fish, crustaceans and molluscs. It seems to constantly
change
  its abode, wandering northward during the summer, and going into deeper water in the cold season. The eggs of the turbot, like those of the
majority
  of flat-fishes, are pelagic and buoyant. They are small and very numerous, varying from five to ten millions in fish of 18 to 21 lb weight. The
young
  fish are symmetrical and . swim
' The word " turbot " is of
great
  antiquity, perhaps of Celtic origin; it is preserved in French in the same form as in English, and is composed of two words, of which the second is identical with the " but in halibut and with the German " Butte," which signifies flat-fish. The German name for the turbot is " Steinbutte."
vertically like the
young
  of other Pleuronectids, but they reach a much larger size before metamorphosis than species of other genera, specimens from a in. to 1 in. in length being frequently taken
swimming
  at the surface of the water and not completely converted into the adult condition. Specimens one year old are from 3 to 4 in. long, some perhaps larger. About 186o it was estimated that the Dutch supplied turbot to the London market to the value of 8o;000 a year. In 1900 the total weight of turbot landed on English and Welsh coasts for the year was according to the Board of Trade returns 60,715 cwt. valued at 252,680. The turbot is also common, though not abundant, in the Mediterranean, and is replaced in the Black Sea by an allied species with much larger bony tubercles (Rh. maeoticus). Both species grow to a large size, being usually sold at from 5 to 10 lb; but the common turbot is stated to attain to a weight of 30 lb.


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