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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: TOO-TUM |
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TREACLE , the thick viscid syrup obtained in the early processes of refining sugar, the uncrystallizable fluid obtained in the process of procuring refined crystallized sugar being known as " golden syrup " and the drainings from the crude sugar as " molasses " (see SUGAR: Manufacture). The word was properly and first used for a medical compound of varying ingredients which was supposed to be a sovereign remedy against snake bites or poison generally. A well-known specific was Venice treacle, Theriaca Andromachi, a compound of a large number of drugs reduced to an electuary,l a medicinal compound prepared with honey, which dissolves in the mouth. The old French triacle, of which "treacle," earlier "triacle," is an adaptation, is a corruption of theriaque, Latin theriaca, Greek BrlpcaKa (sc. qihpaKa), literally drugs used as an antidote against the bite of poisonous or wild animals (Bilp.ov, dim. of Wye, wild beast). The word " triacle " came to be used of any remedy or antidote. The composition of electuaries with honey or syrup naturally transferred the name to the most familiar syrup, that obtained from the drainings of sugar. TREAD-MILL, a penal appliance introduced by Sir William Cubitt in 1818 and intended by him as a means of employing criminals usefully. It was a large hollow cylinder of wood
frame
series of steps about 7a in. apart. The criminal, steadying himself by hand-rails on either side, trod on these, his weight causing the mill to revolve and compelling him to take each step in turn. In the brutalizing system formerly in vogue the necessary resistance was obtained by weights, thus condemning the offender to useless toil and defeating the inventor's object. The tread-mill, however, was subsequently utilized for grinding corn, pumping water and other prison purposes. The speed of the wheel was regulated by a brake. Usually it revelved at the rate of 32 ft. per minute. The prisoner worked for 6 hours each day, 3 hours at a time. He was on the wheel for 15 minutes and then rested for 5 minutes. Thus in the course of his day's labour he climbed 864o ft. Isolation of prisoners at their work
wood
separate
By the Prison Act 1865 every male prisoner over 16, sentenced to hard labour, had to spend three months at least of his sentence in labour of the first class. This consisted primarily of the tread-mill, or, as an alternative, the crank. The latter consisted of a small wheel, like the paddle-wheel of a steamer, and a handle turned by the prisoner made it revolve in a box paetly filled with gravel
gravel
work
The fundamental idea of Cubitt's invention, i.e. procuring rotary motion for industrial purposes by the weight of men or animals, is very old. " Tread-wheels," of this type, usually consist of hollow cylinders, round the inner surface of which a horse, dog or man walks, foothold being kept by slabs of wood nailed across at short intervals. End of Article: TREACLE If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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