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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: THE-TOO |
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TONS PER INCH 50.4 49.8 GM (LIGHT), 2.99. GM (DEEP), l~ 6T. DISPLT: IN TONS 15600 11346 13190 8450 7780 the displacement in tons and the number of tons required to increase the mean draught by 1 in., respectively, as ordinates ( horizontal
The properties of the metacentric stability at small angles are used when determining the vertical position of the centre of gravity Inclining of a ship by an " inclining experiment "; this gives a expert- check on the calculations for this position made in the meat, initial stages of the design, and enables the stability of the completed ship in any condition to be ascertained with great accuracy. The experiment is made in the following manner: Let fig. 6 represent the transverse section of a ship; let w, w be two weights on deck at the positions P, Q, chosen as far apart transversely as convenient ; and let G be the combined centre of gravity of ship and weights. When the weight at P is moved across the deck to Q', the centre of gravity of the whole moves from G to some point G' so that GG' is parallel to PQ' (assumed horizontal
In the case of small transverse inclinations it has been assumed that the vertical through the upright and the inclined positions of the Large in- centre of buoyancy intersect, or, which is the same thing, c!lnations. that the centre of buoyancy remains in the same trans- verse plane when the vessel is inclined. This assumption is not generally correct for large transverse inclinations, but is nevertheless usually made in practice, being sufficiently accurate for the purpose of estimating the righting moments and ranges of stability of different ships, calculated under the same conventional system ; this is all that is necessary for practical purposes. With this assumption, there will always be a point of inter-section (M' in fig. 7) of the verticals through the upright and inclined centres of buoyancy; and the righting lever is, as before, GZ=GM' sin 0. In this case, however, there is no simple formula
The development of this part of the subject was due originally to Atwood, who in the Philosophical Transactions of 1796 and 1798, advanced reasons for differing from the metacentric method which was published by Bouguer in his Traite du navire in 1746. Atwood's treatment of stability (which was the foundation of the modes of calculation adopted in England until about twenty years ago) was as follows: Let WL, W'L' (fig. 7) be respectively the water lines of a ship when Such an instrument is described by Froude for recording the " relative " inclination of a ship amongst waves, Transactions of Institution of Naval Architects, 1873, p. 179. The pendulum should have sufficient weight and the arm carrying the pen may be about 4 ft. long. If the cylinder be fitted with a clock recording the time the natural period of the ship will also be obtained.upright and inclined at an angle 0, S their point of intersection: B and B' the centres of buoyancy, gi and g2 the centres of gravity of the equal wedges WSW', L'SL, and hi, h2 the feet of the perpendiculars from gi, g2 on the inclined water line. Draw GZ, BR parallel to W'L', meeting the vertical though B' in Z and R.The righting lever is GZ as before; if V be the volume of displacement, and v that of either wedge, then VXBR=vXhih2 GZ=BRBG sin e; whence the righting moment or WXGZ=W vXVih2--BG sin o . This is termed Atwood's formula
series of trial water lines at equal angular intervals radiating from S' the inter-section of the upright water line with the middle line plane; (b) calculate the volumes of the various immersed and emerged trial wedges by radial integration, using the formulav = f d0Jr2dx, 0 where r, are the polar co-ordinates of the ship's side, measured from S' as origin, and dx an element
vXhih2=1 f ocos(oo)d4iJrsdx, 0 adding together the moments for both sides of the ship; and (d) add or subtract a parallel layer at the desired inclination to bring the result to the correct displacement. The true water line at any angle is obtained by dividing the difference of volume of the two wedges by the area of the water plane (equal to frdx, for both sides) and setting off the quotient as a distance above or below the assumed water line according as the emerged wedge is greater or less than the immersed wedge. The effect of this " layer correction " on the moment of transference is then allowed. The righting moment and the value of GZ are thus determined for the displacement under consideration at any required angle of heel. A different method of obtaining the righting moments of ships at large angles of inclination has prevailed in France, the standard investigation on the subject being that of M. Reech first published in his memoir on the " Construction of Metacentric Evolutes for a Vessel under different Condi- tions of Lading" (1864). The principle of his method is dependent on the following geometrical properties: Let B', B" (fig. 8) be the centres of buoyancy corresponding to two water lines W'L', WI," inclined at angles 0, o+do, to the original
gi, g2 be the centres of gravity of the equal wedges W'TW", L'TL". The moment of either wedge about the line gigz is zero, and the moments of W'L'A and of W"L"A about gigz are therefore equal ; since these volumes are also equal, the perpendicular distances of B' and B" from gigs are equal, or B'B" is parallel to gigs. The projection on the plane of inclination of the locus of the centre of buoyancy for varying inclinations with constant displacement is termed the curve of buoyancy, a portion BB'B" of which is shown in the figure. On diminishing the angle do indefinitely so that B" approaches B' to coincidence, the line B'B" becomes, in the limit, the tangent to the curve BB'B", and gigs coincides with the water line W'L'; hence the tangent to the curve of buoyancy is parallel to the water line. Again, if the normals to the curve at B', B" (which are the verticals corresponding to these positions of the centre of buoyancy) intersect at M', and those at B", B" (adjacent to B") at M", and so on, a curve may be passed through M', M' . , commencing at M, the meta-centre. This curve, which is the evolute of the curve of buoyancy, is known as the metacentric curve, and its properties were first also investigated by Bouguer in his Traite du Navire. The points M'M ... on the curve are now termed pro-metacentres. If p represent the length of the normal B'M' or the radius of curvature of the curve of buoyancy at an angle 0, then p.dO = ds the length of an element
indefinitely small, =p. Using Cartesian co-ordinates with B as origin and By, Bz, as horizontal and vertical axes, we have d8 =5 cos B=p cos 0, (I) dzds (2) dB _dB sin B = p sin B; whence e e y= f p. cos B.dO; z= p. sin B.dO, and the righting lever GZ=y cos B+(zBG) sin B. The radius p is (as for the upright position) equal to the moment of inertia of the corresponding water-plane about a longitudinal axis through its centre of gravity divided by the volume of displacement; the integration may be directly performed in the case of bodies of simple geometrical form, while a convenient method of approximation such as Simpson
whence e y = o p cos 0. dO = po tan 0, e =f p sin B.dO ='lpo tang 0, GZ=(poa) sin B+zpo tang B. sin 0; which relations will also hold for a prismatic vessel of parabolic section. It is interesting to note that in these cases if the stability for infinitely small inclinations is neutral, i.e. if po=a, the vessel is stable for small finite inclinations, the righting lever varying approximately as the cube of the angle of heel. The application of the preceding formulae to actual ships is trouble-some and laborious on account of the necessity for finding by trial the positions of the inclined water-lines which cut off a constant volume of displacement. To avoid this difficulty the process was modified by Reech and Risbec in the following manner:Multiply equations (1) and (2) by V.dO, V being the volume of displacement; we then have- d(Vy)=I cos B. dB, (3) d(Vz) =I sin 0.dO, (4) where I is the moment of inertia of the inclined water-line about a longitudinal axis passing through its centre of gravity. These formulae have been obtained on the supposition that the volume V is constant while 0 is varying; but by regarding the above equations as representing the moments of transference horizontally and vertically due to the wedges, it is evident that V may be allowed to vary in any manner provided that the moment of inertia I is taken about the longitudinal axis passing through the intersection of consecutive water-lines. In particular the water-lines may 'all be drawn
If V, Vo be the volumes of displacement at angles a and o respectively, VaVo=fay[ f differ ce]' (5) and substituting in (3) and (4) and integrating, vay = fo dB [f 3sumx] cos 0, . (6) 0 Vaz =f adB [ J 3sumx] sin B. . (7) 0 On eliminating Va-in (5), (6) and (7), y and z can be found. This is repeated at different draughts, and thus V., y and z are determined at a number of draughts at the same angle, enabling curves of y and z to be drawn
y cos a+(za) sin a. From the foregoing it is evident that the elements of transverse stability, including the co-ordinates of the centre of buoyancy, positionof pro-metacentre, values of righting lever and righting moment, depend on two variable quantitiesthe displacement and the angle of heel. The righting lever GZ is in England selected curve of as the most useful criterion of the stability, and, after curve it being evaluated for the various conditions, is plotted in a form of curves(a) for various constant displacements on an abscissa of angle of inclination, (b) for a number of constant w W z N L7 angles on an abscissa of displacement. These are known as curves of stability and cross curves of stability respectively; either of these can be readily constructed when the other has been obtained; which process is utilized in the method now almost universally adopted for obtaining GZ at large angles of inclination, a full description being given in papers by Merrifield and AmsIer in Trans. I.N.A. (188o and 1884). The procedure is as follows: 1. The substitution of calculations at constant angle for those at constant volume. A number of water-lines at inclinations having a constant angular interval (generally 15) are drawn passing through the intersection S' of the load water-line with the middle line on the body
original
2. The volumes of displacement and the moments about an axis through S' perpendicular to the water-line are determined for each draught and inclination by means of the Amsler-Laffon integrator, the pointer of this instrument being taken in turn round the immersed part of each section.3. On dividing the moments by the corresponding volumes, the perpendicular distance of the centre of buoyancy from the vertical through S' is obtained, i.e. the value of GZ, assuming G and S' to coincide. 4. For each angle in turn " cross curves " of GZ are drawn on a base of displacement. and 5. From the cross curves, curves of stability on a base of angle of inclination can be constructed for any required displacement, allowance being made for the position of G by adding to, or subtracting from, each ordinate, the quantity GS' sin a according as G is below or above S'. A typical set of cross curves of stability for a battleship of about 18,000 tons displacement is shown in fig. 9. It will be observed that the righting levers decrease with an increase of displacement ; and this is a general characteristic of the cross curves for ships of ordinary End of Article: TONS PER If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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