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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: THE-TOO |
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TIROL (or TYROL 1) , the most southerly province of the Austrian Empire. It makes a great bend southwards towards Italy, by which it is bounded on the S.E., S. and S.W., while on the W. it adjoins part of present Switzerland (till 1652 the Lower Engadine was Tirolese, and not Swiss) and also the Austrian province of Voralberg; to the N. it borders on Bavaria and to the E. the province of Upper Austria. It is traversed from west to east by the main chain of the Alps, which rises in various snow-covered summits, the more important being the Ortler (12,802 ft., the loftiest peak in Tirol and in the Eastern Alps generally), the Wildspitze (12,382 ft., Oetzthal group), the Zuckerhiitl (11,520 ft., Stubai group), the Hochfeiler (11,559 ft., Zillerthal group), the Gross Venediger (12,008 ft.) and the Gross Glockner (12,461 ft., both in the Tauern range), while more to the south are the Dolomites, which culminate in the Marmolata (10,972 ft.). It is divided into two very distinct portions by the Brenner Pass (4495 ft.), connecting the Stubai and the Zillerthal groups; over this pass a splendid railway was built in 18641867 from Innsbruck
capital is Innsbruck
Botzen
The present very irregular shape of the district is due to historical causes. The original Tirol consisted of part of the middle Inn valley and of the uppermost portion (the Vintschgau) of the Adige valley. In 1500, by inheritance from the counts of Gorz, the Pusterthal and upper Drave valley (east) were added; in 1505 the lower portion of the Zillerthal; with the Inn 1 To speak, as is commonly done, of " the Tirol " is as absurd as speaking of " the England." As regards the English spelling of the name adopted throughout the Ency. Brit., it should, however, be stated that the writer of this article regards " Tyrol " as more correct.(ED.) valley from its entrance to Kufstein, and the Kitzbti.hel region (north-east) were all won from Bavaria; in 1517 Rovereto and several other places on the present south-eastern frontier were acquired from Venice; in 18o3 many fiefs in the bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were annexed on the secularization of those two bishoprics; while finally the rest of the Zillerthal, with Windisch Matrei, was obtained in 1816 from the archbishopric of Salzburg. Besides the great railway line over the Brenner, there are other lines from Botzen
The majority of the population is devoted to pastoral
Hall
pastoral
The peasants are famous for their devotion to the Roman Catholic religion, their fervent loyalty to the House of Austria, their excellent marksmanship, and their love of singing and music, the zither being the national instrument. There is a university at Innsbruck, but primary education, though compulsory, does not attain any very high degree of excellence, as in summer the schools are closed, for all hands are then required in the fields or on the mountain pastures. The picturesque local costumes have nearly altogether disappeared, save in the Passeyerthal, near Meran, while the increasing crowds of summer visitors have largely spoilt the simplicity of the natives. Ecclesiastically, Tirol is ruled by the archbishop of Salzburg and his two suffragans, the bishops of Trent and of Brixen. The country is divided into 21 administrative districts (Bezirke), each composed of a number of communes or civil parishes. Tirol sends 25 representatives to the Austrian parliament at Vienna. Locally it is ruled by an Imperial governor (the Statthalter) who resides at Innsbruck, where, too, meets annually the local legislature or Diet (the Landtag), composed (according to the constitution of 1861) of 68 members; the archbishop of Salzburg, the bishops of Trent and Brixen, and the rector of the university of Innsbruck sit in person, while the great ecclesiastical corporations send four deputies, the chambers of commerce of Innsbruck, Trent and Rovereto each one, the nobles ten, the towns 13, and the peasants 34.History.By far the greater portion of the region later called Tirol was inhabited, when it makes its appearance in history, by the Raetians (perhaps a Celtic race, though some still hold that they were connected with the Etruscans), who were conquered (14 B.c.) by Drusus and Tiberius, and were later organized into the Roman province of Raetia. In the 5th and following centuries the north portion was Teutonized, first by the Ostrogoths, mainly by the Baiouarii, but the Teutonic Langobardi who pressed up from the south became Romanized them-selves, so that the double character of the inhabitants of the land appears quite early. In 774 the Carolingians, conquered the Langobardi or Lombards, and in 788 the Baiouarii. But the officials charged with the rule of these parts gradually became semi-independent, particularly the Bavarian dukes in the region north of Trent. Some time after the break-up of that duchy in 976, the emperor Conrad II. entrusted all temporal powers in the northern region to the bishop of Brixen, and in the southern portion to the bishop of Trent, detaching these southern districts from Italy (to which they had always belonged, save from 951 to 962, when the march of Verona was annexed to the duchy of Carinthia) and incorporating them with Germany. The bishops, in their turn, had to exercise their temporal rights through lay vassals, of whom the most powerful in the course of the 12th century were the lords of Andechs, near Munich. On the extinction of this family in 1248, most of their fiefs were given by the two bishops to the father-in-law of the last lord of Andechs, Albert, count of Tirol. This new family took its name from the still existing castle of Tirol (Later Roman, Teriolis), above Meran, in the upper Adige valley, andis mentioned for the first time in 1140. Albert's elder daughter,' Adelaide, married Meinhard, count of Gorz (north of Trieste) ; their elder son Meinhard (d. 1295) took Tirol, and the younger Gorz; but in 1500 the latter's line became extinct, and the elder line inherited its possessions. Long before that time the senior branch of the elder Iine had ended in Margaret, nicknamed die Maultasche (the Pocket-mouth), who, in 1342, married Louis of Brandenburg (d. 1361), and whose only child Meinhard died in her lifetime in 1363; Tirol accordingly passed by agreement in the latter year of the junior branch of the elder line, the Habsburgers, dukes of Austria since 1282. In this way Tirol came to the dynasty which has ever since held it (save 1805-1814). From that time onwards till 1665 Tirol was generally entrusted to a cadet of the Austrian house, who ruled first at Meran, and from about 1420 at Innsbruck, as a nearly independent prince; but since 1665 the province has been governed from Vienna. We have noted above the manner in which the limits of Tirol were gradually extended. Several of these additions were due to the archduke Maximilian, who ruled Tirol from 1490 onwards, becoming emperor in 1493 and dying in 1519. His memory is still cherished in the district, for he conferred on it the title of Gefurstete Grafschaft, spent much time in it, and erected in the chief
Owing to its position astride of the Alps, and so commanding the road across them, Tirol has often been the scene of sharp
chief
See in general vol. xiii., Tirol (Vienna, 1893), of the great official work entitled Die oesterreichisch-ungarische lbionarchie in Wort and Bild. The following more special works may be consulted : A. Achleitner and E. Uhl, Tirol and Vorarlberg ( Leipzig
(2 vols., London, 1878), Sport in the Alps (London, 1896), and The Land in the Mountains (1907) ; Miss R. H. Busk, The Valleys of Tirol (London, 1874) ; E. H. Compton and W. A. Baillie-Grohman, Tyrol (London, 1908) ; J. Egger, Geschichte Tirols (3 vols., Innsbruck, 1872188o) ; J. Gilbert and G. C. Churchill, The Dolomite Mountains (London, 1864) ; Max Haushofer, Tirol (Bielefeld and Leipzig
(3 vols., Innsbruck, 18821885) ; W. D. McCrackan, The Tyrol (London, 1905) ; E. Oefele, Geschichte der Grafen von Andechs (Innsbruck, 1877) ; L. Purtscheller and H. Hess, Der Hochtourist in den Ostalpen, 3rd ed., 3 vols. (Leipzig and Vienna, 1903) ; E. Richter Die Erschliessung der Ostalpen (3 vols., Berlin, 18931894); A. Schaubach, Deutsche Alpen (2nd ed., 5 vols., Jena, 18651871); Chr. Schneller, Landeskunde von Tirol (Innsbruck, 1872) ; F. A. Sinnacher, Beitrage zur Geschichte der bischofl. Kirche Saben and Brixen (really a special territorial history of Tirol) (To vols., Brixen, 18211837); J. Staffler, Tirol and Vorarlberg, (2 vols., Innsbruck, 18391846) ; A. Steinitzer, Geschichtliche and kulturgeschichtliche Wanderungen durch Tirol and Vorarlberg (Innsbruck, 1905); Th. Vernaleken, Alpensagen (largely Tirolese; Vienna, 1858); Beda Weber, Das Land Tirol (3 vols., Innsbruck, 18371838) ; Martin Wilckens, Die Alpenwirthschaft der Schweiz, des Algdu, and der westoesterreichischen Alpenlander (Vienna, 1874) ; I. V. Zingerle, Sagen, Marchen, and Gebrauche aus Tirol (Innsbruck, 1859) ; I. V. Zingerle and K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Die tirolischen Weisthumer (4 vols., Vienna, 1875=-1888). (W. A. B. C.) End of Article: TIROL (or TYROL 1) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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