TIRARD, PIERRE EMANUEL (18271893)

This article appears in Volume V26, Page 1006 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: THE-TOO

TIRARD, PIERRE EMANUEL (18271893) , French politician, was born of French parents at Geneva on the 27th of September 1827, and, after studying in his native town, became a civil engineer. After five years of government service he resigned to become a

jewel

JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

merchant. His determined opposition to the empire, culminating in 1869 in a campaign in favour of the radical candidate opposed to 011ivier, was rewarded by his election as mayor of the firth arrondissement of Paris and as

deputy

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

for the Seine. Nominated a member of the Commune, he protested against the tyranny of the central committee, and escaped from Paris to resume his place among the extreme Left in the National Assembly at

Versailles

VERSAILLES

. In 1876 he was returned for the 1st arrondissement of Paris to the Chamber of Deputies, and was re-elected next year. He specially de-voted himself to finance, being for a short time president of the customs commission before his appointment as minister of

agriculture

and commerce in

March

1879 in the Waddington cabinet. He held the same

portfolio

PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

in the first Freycinet ministry (18791880) and in the Jules Ferry cabinet (18801881). He was minister of commerce in Freycinet's second cabinet (1882), of finance under E. Duclerc (18821883), and under A. Fallieres (1883), retaining the same office in the second Jules Ferry ministry (18831885). When Carnot became president of the Republic in 1887 he asked Tirard to form a ministry. He had to deal with the Wilson scandal which had led to President

Grevy

GREVY, FRANCOIS PAUL JULES (1813-1891)

's downfall, and with the revisionist agitation of General

Boulanger

BOULANGER
BOULANGER, GEORGE ERNEST JEAN MARIE (1837-1891)

. His refusal to proceed to the revision of the constitution of 1875 led to his defeat on the 3oth of

March

1888. He returned to power next year, and decided to bring

Boulanger

BOULANGER
BOULANGER, GEORGE ERNEST JEAN MARIE (1837-1891)

and his

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

supporters before the High Court, but the general's flight effectively settled the question. He also arrested Philip, duke of Orleans, who had visited France in disguise. He resigned office on the 15th of March 1890 on the question of the Franco Turkish commercial treaty. He re-placed M. Rouvier in the Ribot cabinet (18921893) as minister of finance, and died in Paris on the 4th of November 1893.

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