Helping San Diego, California and beyond since 1997.
Do you need
volunteer, community service, work, military or court hours?
|
|
Helping San Diego, California and beyond since 1997.
|
|
Click here and add this page to your favorites!
|
Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: THE-TOO |
|
|
TINNEVELLY , a town and district
district
The DISTRICT OF TINNEVELLY has an area of 5389 sq. in. It is for the most part a plain with an average elevation
east
chief
work
Tuticorin
chief
principal exports are rice to Ceylon and cotton
The early history of Tinnevelly is mixed up with that of Madura and Travancore. Down to 1781 it is a confused tale of anarchy and bloodshed. In that year the nawab of Arcot assigned the revenues to the East
TIN-PLATE and TERNE-PLATE. Tin-plate consists of sheets of iron or steel which have been thinly coated with tin by being dipped in a molten bath of that metal. Terne-plate is a similar product, but the bath is not of tin, but of tin and lead mixed, the latter metal constituting from 759o% of the whole; it has not the bright lustre of tin-plate, whence its name, from lerne, dull, tarnished. The sheets employed in the manufacture are known as " black plates," and are now of steel, either Bessemer or open-hearth. Formerly iron was used, and was of two grades, coke-iron and charcoal-iron; the latter, being the better, received a heavier coating of tin, and this circumstance is the origin of the terms " coke plates " and " charcoal plates " by which the quality of tin-plate is still designated, although iron is no longer used. Tin-plate is consumed in enormous quantities for the manufacture of the tin cans in which pre-served meat, fish, fruit, biscuits, cigarettes and numerous other products are packed, and also for the household utensils of various kinds made by the tinsmith or silversmith; terne-plates, which began to be produced in England about the middle of the lgth century. are widely employed in America for roofing purposes.The manufacture of tin-plate was long a monopoly of Bohemia, but about 162o the industry spread to Saxony. In 1665 Andrew Yarranton (1616-1684?), an English engineer and agriculturist, was commissioned to go to Saxony and if possible discover the methods employed. According to his own account (England's Improvement, pt. ii. 1681), he was " very civilly treated " and was allowed to see the whole process. On his return to England his friends undertook the manufacture on an experimental scale, but though they were successful they had to abandon it, because their method became known and a patent for it was " trumpt up " by a rival, who, however, from lack of technical skill was unable to work
supply . In that year her total production was 180,000 boxes of to8 lb each (in America a box is too ib), in 1848 it was 420,000 boxes, in 1860 it reached 1,700,000 boxes, in 187o nearly 3 460,000 boxes, and in 1890 it exceeded 9,500,000 boxes. In the United States the manufacture of tin- and terne-plates did not make much way until about 189o, and up to 1892 the bulk of the supply was imported from Great Britain. But subsequently the advance was rapid, and the production, which was about 2,236,000 lb in 1891, had by 1900 increased to more than 849,000,000 lb, of which over 141,000,000 lb- were terne-plates. The total imports in that year were only 135,264,881 lb. In later years, again, there was a decline in the American production, and in 1907 only 20% of the American tin-plate mills were at work, while the British production reached 14 million boxes.There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates. In the " palm-oil " process, which is the older, the plates, after being properly annealed, are scoured with sand and water and pickled in dilute sulphuric acid alternately until they are perfectly clean and bright . They are then washed in 'water, and after being boiled inpalm oil to remove all traces of acid and water are dipped into a bath of molten tin, covered with oil to prevent oxidation. They are then taken to a second bath containing purer tin than the first. After this they are scoured with a hempen rubber and dipped in a third bath containing the purest tin of all; then they are passed through rolls to finish the surface and regulate the thickness of the coating. As the tin in the third bath becomes alloyed with iron from the operation, it is removed into the second, pure fresh tin being substituted; and similarly the metal of the second, as the amount of iron in it increases, is removed to the first. In the " acid process " only a single bath of tin is required. The molten metal is covered with a layer of muriate of zinc, which acts as the flux, and by means of rolls the plates are passed through this down into the tin, to be brought out at another point in the bath where there is a layer of oil on the surface.End of Article: TINNEVELLY If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
<a href="http://jcsm.org/StudyCenter/Encyclopedia/THE_TOO/TINNEVELLY.html"> TINNEVELLY </a> |
|
|
(Previous) TINKER |
(Next) TINNY, ALEXANDRINE PETRONELLA FRANCINA (1839-1869) |
|
Sponsored Advertisements