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Encyclopedia Britannica

TEREPHTHALIC

This article appears in Volume V22, Page 33 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: TAV-THE

TEREPHTHALIC ACID
Sodium amalgam in faintly alkaline solution
Sodium amalgam (hot)
HEXAHYDRO
Tropilene, C7H,oO, is obtained in small quantities by the

distillation

DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

of a-methyltropine methyl hydroxide, and by the hydrolysis of 13-methyltropidine with dilute hydrochloric acid. It is an oily liquid, with an odour resembling that of benzaldehyde. It forms a benzal compound, and gives an oyxmethylene derivative and cannot be oxidized to an acid, reactions which point to it being a ketone containing the grouping -CH2CO-. It is thus to be regarded as a cyclo-heptene-I-one-7.
Cyclo-heptane carboxylic acid (suberanic acid), C7H18CO2H, is obtained by the reduction of cyclo-heptene-i-carboxylic acid; from brom-cyclo-heptane by the Grignard reaction; and by the reduction of hydrotropilidine carboxylic acid by sodium in alcoholic solution (R. Willstatter, Ber., 1898, 31, p. 2504). The corresponding oxyacid is obtained by the hydrolysis of the nitrite, which is formed by the addition of hydrocyanic acid to suberone (A. Spiegel, Ann., 1882, 2I1, p. 117).
Four cyclo-heptene carboxylic acids are known. Cyclo-heptene- (-carboxylic acid-i is prepared from oxysuberanic acid. This acid when heated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to 120-130 C. yields a chlor-acid, which on warming with alcoholic potash is trans-formed into the cyclo-heptene compound. Cyclo-heptene-2-carboxylic acid-i is formed by the reduction of cyclo-heptatriene 2.4.6-carboxylic acid-I. On boiling with

caustic

CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

soda it isomerizes to the corresponding I-acid.
Cyclo-heptatriene carboxylic acids, C7H7CO2H. All four are known. According to F. Buchner (Ber., 1898, 31, p. 2242) they may be represented as follows :
cop coati
A.1,3,5aot (11,3,corp. A1,4.6orr LI24,60rS
The a-acid (a-isophenylacetic acid) is obtained by the hydrolysis of pseudophenylacetamide, formed by condensing diazoacetic ester with benzene, the resulting pseudophenyl acetic ester being then left in contact with strong ammonia for a

long

LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

time. 13-Isophenylacetic acid is formed by strongly

heating

HEATING

pseudophenylacetic ester in an air-free sealed tube and hydrolysing the resulting -isophenylacetic ester. y-Isophenylacetic acid is obtained by

heating

HEATING

the 13 and S acids for a

long

LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

time with alcoholic potash (A. Einhorn, Ber., 1894, 27, p. 2828; E. Buchner, Ber., 1898, 31, p. 2249). S-Isophenylacetic acid is obtained by heating the iodmethylate of anhydroecgonine ester with dilute

caustic

CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

soda (A. Einhorn, Ber., 1893, 26, P. 329)-
Numerous amino-derivatives of the cyclo-heptane

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

have been prepared by R. Willstatter in the course of his investigations on the constitution of

tropine

TROPINE, C8H15NO

(q.v.). Amino-cyclo-heptane (suberylamine) is obtained by the reduction of suberone oxime or by the action of sodium hypobromite on the amide of cycloheptane carboxylic acid.
Cyclo-octane Group.
Few members of this group are known. By the

distillation

DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

of the

calcium

CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

salt of azelaic acid H. Mayer (Ann., 1893, 275, p. 363) obtained azelain ketone, C8H,4O, a liquid of peppermint odour. It boils at 90-91 C. (23 mm.) and is readily oxidized by potassium permanganate to oxysuberic acid. It is apparently cyclo-octanone (see also W. Miller and A. Tschitschkin, Centralblatt, 1899, 2., p. 181).
Pseudopelletierine (methyl granatonine), C9H16NO, an alkaloid of the pomegranate, is a derivative of cyclo-octane, and resembles

tropine

TROPINE, C8H15NO

in that it contains a nitrogen

bridge

BRIDGE

between two carbon atoms. It is an inactive base, and also has ketonic properties. On oxidation it yields methyl granatic ester, which, by the exhaustive methylation process, is converted into homopiperylene dicarboxylic ester, HO2C -CH :CH -CH2 .CH2 .CH :CH .CO2H, from which suberic acid may be obtained on reduction. When reduced in alcoholic solution by means of sodium amalgam it yields methyl granatoline, C8H,8OH.NCH3; this substance, on oxidation with cold potassium permanganate, is converted into granatoline, C8H16NO, which on distillation over zinc dust yields

pyridine

PYRIDINE

. Methyl granatoline on treatment with hydriodic acid and red phosphorus, followed by caustic potash, yields methyl granatinine, C9H,6N, which when heated with hydriodic acid and phosphorus to 24o C. is converted into methyl granatanine, C8H,4.NCH3, and granatanine, CSH,4NH. The hydrochloride of the latter base when distilled over zinc dust yields a-propyl

pyridine

PYRIDINE

. By the electrolytic reduction of pseudopelletierine, N-methyl granatanine is obtained, and this by exhaustive methylation is converted into .a 'des-drmethyl granatanine. This latter compound readily forms an iodmethylate, which on treatment with silver

oxide

OXIDE

yields the corresponding ammonium hydroxide. The ammonium hydroxide on distillation decomposes into trimethylamine, water and cyclo-octadiene1.3.
CH2CHCH2 CH2CHCH2 CH2CHCH2 CH2NMe CO s CH2NMe CH2 --rCH2HO.NMe2CH2 --~

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