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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SUS-TAV |
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SWITHUN (or SWITHIN), ST (d. 862) , bishop of Winchester and patron saint of Winchester Cathedral from the loth to the 16th century. He is scarcely mentioned in any document of his own time. His death is entered in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 861; and his signature is appended to several charters in Kemble's Codex diplomaticus. Of these charters three belong to 833, 838, 86o862. In the first the saint signs as " Swithunus presbyter regis Egberti," in the second as " Swithunus diaconus," and in the third as " Swithunus episcopus." Hence if the second charter be genuine the first must be spurious, and is so marked in Kemble. More than a hundred years later, when Dunstan and Ethelwold of Winchester were inaugurating their church reform, St Swithun was adoptedas patron of the restored church at Winchester, formerly dedicated to St Peter and St Paul. His body
The revival of St Swithun's fame gave rise to a mass of legendary literature. The so-called Vitae Swithuni of Lantf red and Wulstan, written about A.D. 1oo0, hardly contain any germ of biographical fact; and all that has in later years passed for authentic detail of St Swithun's life is extracted from a biography ascribed to Gotzelin, a monk who came over to England with Hermann, bishop of Salisbury from 1058 to 1078. From this writer, who has perhaps pre-served some fragments of genuine tradition, we learn that St Swithun was born in the reign of Egbert, and was ordained priest by Helmstan, bishop of Winchester (838c. 852). His fame reached the king's ears, who appointed him tutor of his son Adulphus (i2Ethelwulf) and numbered him amongst his chief
William of Malmesbury adds that, as Bishop Alhstan of Sherborne was Ethelwulf's minister for temporal, so St Swithun was for spiritual matters. The same chronicler uses a remarkable phrase in recording the bishop's prayer that his burial might be " ubi et pedibus praetereuntium et stillicidiis ex alto rorantibus esset obnoxius." This expression has been taken as indicating that the well-known weather myth contained in the doggrel lines St Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain; St Swithin's day if thou be fair
For forty days 'twill rain na mair- had already, in the 12th century, crystallized round the name of St Swithun; but it is doubtful if the passage lends itself by any straining to this interpretation. James Raine suggested that the legend was derived from the tremendous downpour of rain that occurred, according to the Durham chroniclers, on St Swithun's day, 1315 (Hid. Dunelm. pp. xiii. 9697). Another theory, more plausible, but historically worthless, traces it to a heavy shower by which, on the day of his translation, the saint marked his displeasure towards those who were removing his remains. This story, however, cannot be traced further back than some two or three centuries at the outside, and is at variance with the loth-century writers, who are all agreed that the translation took place in accordance with the saint's desire as expressed by vision. More probable is John Earle 's suggestion that in the legend as now current we have the survival of some pagan
series , xii. 137) that in France St Medard (June 8) and StGervase and St Protais (June 19) are credited with an influence on the weather almost identical with that attributed to St Swithun in England. Similarly we have in Flanders St Godelieve (July 6) and in Germany the Seven Sleepers' Day (June 27). Of other stories connected with St Swithun the two most famous are those of the Winchester egg-woman and Queen Emma's ordeal. The former is to be found in Gotzelin's life (c. r loo), the latter in T. Rudborne's Historia major (15th century)a work which is also responsible for the not improbable legend that Swithun accompanied Alfred on his visit to Rome in 856.The so-called lives of St Swithun written by Wulstan, Lantfred, and perhaps others towards the end of the loth century may be found in Bollandus's Ada sanctorum (July), i. 321327; Mabillon's Acta SS. O. B. vi. 70, &c., vii. 628, &c.; and .J. Earle 's Life and Times of St Swithun, 59, &c. See also William of Malmesbury, Gest. reg. i. 150, and De gest. Pont. 16o, 167, 179; Florence of Worcester, i. 168; T. Rudborne ap. Wharton's Anglia sacra, i. 287; T. D. Hardy
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