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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: STE-SUS |
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STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble) , a detached piece or fragment of rock. The word is thus applied to the small fragments scattered in the ground or on roads, to the water-worn pebbles of the sea shore or river beds, and to the hewn, dressed or shaped rock used as a building material, with which this article deals. A qualifying word generally accompanies " stone " when the term is applied to pieces of rock cut to a particular size and shape and used for a specific purpose, e.g. " mill-stone," " hearth-stone," " grave-stone," &c. The term " precious stone " is used of those minerals which, from their beauty of colour, &c., their rarity, and some-times their hardness, are valued for their suitability for ornaments (see GEMs). The word is also often applied to many objects resembling a stone or pebble, such as the hard kernel of certain fruits, as of the cherry, plum, peach, &c., or the calculi or con- Also called Janssen (Diet. Nat. Biog.), Jansen
Jansen
kidneys (see BLADDER DISEASES and KIDNEY DISEASES). The " stone " has been a common measure of weight in north-western Europe. In Germany the " Stein" was of 20 to 22 lb. In the British system of weights the "legal" stone, or "horse-man's " weight is of 14 lb avoirdupois; in weighing wool it was also of 14 lb, but is now usually 16 lb. The " customary " stone for fish or butcher's meat is of 8 lb. Building-stone.In selecting a stone for building purposes many important points have to be considered. The stone must be strong enough to bear the load placed, upon it, it must be durable and weather well in the atmosphere of the district
appearance need to be studied. It must further be ascertained whether a sufficient supply is available, and the price also must be taken into account; some difficulty is often experienced in obtaining a suitable stone at a moderate cost, and considerations of expense frequently have more to do with the choice of a stone than the architect would wish. Where there is risk
great
Great
Parliament at Westminster was chosen on the recommendation of a committee composed of men of eminent scientific and technical skill; yet it has not weatheredwell because it is not constituted to resist the destroying effects of the London atmosphere. The prime factor in the choice of a building stone should be the climate to which the material has to be exposed. Stone that in the pure country air has proved extremely durable Constttumay quickly decay in an impure city atmosphere, or when subjected to the strong salt winds from the sea. tlOD Extremes of temperature, too, are, generally speaking, prejudicial to the life of stone, the alternations of heat and cold setting up movements in the substances of the stone, which, though slight, will in many cases hasten its disintegration. There are few materials which more quickly decay and fail than stone placed under unsuitable conditions. An analysis, made by E. G. Clayton, of a sample of incrustation found on the Portland
Weight per cent. Water. (lost at loo) . 2o6 Water (lost at 150) 22.48 Carbon (soot) 1Io Calcium sulphate 59'38 Calcium phosphate 2.22 Calcium silicate 1.63 Magnesium silicate o67 Iron silicate 2.40 Sand and uncombined silica 8o6 End of Article: STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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