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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SOU-STE |
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STANISLAUS I . [LESZCZYNSKI] (1677-1766), king of Poland, born at Lemberg
Augustus
Augustus
refuge
critical period of the war, and placed a small army corps at the disposal of the Swedes. But he depended so entirely upon the success of Charles's arms that after Poltava (1709) his authority vanished as a dream at the first touch of reality. The vast majority of the Poles hastened to repudiate him and make their peace with Augustus, and Leszczynski, henceforth a mere pensioner of Charles XII., accompanied Krassau's army corps in its retreat to Swedish Pomerania. On the restoration of Augustus, Stanislaus resigned the Polish Crown (though he retained the royal title) in exchange for the little principality of Zweibrucken. In 1716 he was saved from assassination at the hands of a Saxon officer, Lacroix, by Stanislaus Poniatowski, the father of the future king. He now resided at Weissenburg in Lorraine, and in 1725 had the satisfaction of seeing his daughter Mary become the consort of Louis XV. and queen of France. His son-in-law supported his claims to the Polish throne after the death of Augustus II. in 1733, which led to the war of the Polish Succession. On the gth of September 1733 Stanislaus himself arrived at Warsaw, having travelled night and day through central Europe disguised as a coachman, and on the followint day, despite many protests, was duly elected king of Poland for the second time. But Russia, opposed to any nominee of France and Sweden, at once protested against his election; declared in favour of the new elector of Saxony, as being the candidate of her Austrian ally; and on the 3oth of June1734 a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacey, after pro-claiming Augustus III. at Warsaw, proceeded to besiege Stanislaus in Danzig where he had intrenched himself with his partisans (including the primate and the French and Swedish ministers) to await the promised succour from France. The siege began in October 1734. On the 17th of March 1735 Marshal Miinnich superseded Lacey, and on the loth of May the long expected French fleet
week after its arrival this little army gallantly attempted to force the Russian intrenchments, but was beaten off and finally compelled to surrender. This, by the way, was the first time France and Russia met as foes in the field. On the 3oth of June 1735 Danzig capitulated unconditionally, after sustaining a siege of 135 days which cost the Russians 8000 men. Stanislaus, disguised as a peasant, had contrived to escape two days before. He was first heard of again at Konigsberg, whence he issued a manifesto to his partisans which resulted in the formation of a confederation on his behalf, and the despatch of a Polish envoy to Paris to urge France to invade Saxony with at least 40,000 men. In the Ukraine too, Count Nicholas Potocki kept on foot to support Stanislaus a motley host of 5o,000 men, which was ultimately scattered by the Russians. In 1736 Stanislaus again abdicated the throne, but received by way of compensation the dukedom of Lorraine and Bar, which was to revert to France on his death. He settled at Luneville, founded there the Academia Stanislas; and devoted himself for the rest of his life to science and philanthropy. He died in 1766 at the age of 89. Among his works may be mentioned: Euvres du philosophe bienfaisant (Paris, 1763; 1866).See Robert Nisbet Bain, Charles XII. (London, 1895) ; ibid., Pupils of Peter the Great, cap. vi. (London, 1897) ; Czarnowski (Jan Nepomucen), Stanislaw Leszczynski in Poland (Pol: ; Warsaw, 1858) ; Louis Lacroix, Les Opuscules inedites de S. L. (Nancy, 1866) ; Lettres inedites de S. L., ed. P. Bove (Paris, 1901) ; Marchioness Des Reaulx, Le Roi Stanislas et Marie Leszczynski (Paris, 1895). (R. N. B.) End of Article: STANISLAUS I If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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