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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SIV-SOU |
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SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig] , a Slavonic people numbering about 1,300,000. The chief
recent
Graz
The Slovenes arrived in these parts in the 7th century, apparently pressed westwards by the Avars. By A.D. 595 they were already at war with the Bavarians, later they formed part of Samo's great Slavonic empire and were not quite. out of touch with other Slays. On its collapse they fell under the yoke of the Bavarians and Franks. At first they had their own princes, but in time these gave place to German dukes and margraves, who had, however, to use the native tongue on certain occasions. These fiefs of the empire finally fell to the Habsburgs and never gave them any trouble, hence their language has had freer play than that of most of the Austrian Slays: they have been allowed to use it in primary and secondary schools and to some extent in local administration. The Slovenes were very early (beginning with the 8th century) Christianized by Italian and German missionaries; to them we owe the Freisingen fragments, confessions and part of a sermon, the earliest monuments, not merely of Slovene but of any Slavonic. The MS. dates from c. r000, but the composition is older. The language is not pure Slovene, but seems to be an adaptation of an Old Slavonic translation. Yet it is enough to show that Old Slavonic is not Old Slovene. Kocel, a prince on the Platten See, to whom Cyril and Methodius (see SLAVS) preached on their way to Rome, was probably a Slovene, but no traces of their work survive in this quarter. Except for a few 15th-century prayers and formulae we do not find any more specimens of Slovene until the Reformation, when Primus Truber translated a catechism, the New Testament and other works (Tubingen, 1550-1582), and J. Dalmatin issued a splendid Bible (Wittemberg, 1584), with an interesting vocabulary to make his work intelligible to any Slovene or Croat: at the same time and place A. Bohorizh (zh=c) issued a good grammar (Arclicae HHorulae, &c.). To counteract this the Roman Catholics translated the work of their English apologist Stapleton, but their final policy was to burn all the Slovene books they could find, so that these are extremely rare. The policy was successful and only about 15% of theSlovenes are Protestants. Slovene woke to a new life in the latter part of the 18th century. Valentin Vodnik was the first poet (see Arch. f. Slay. Phil. (1901), xxiii. 386, xxiv. 74), but his successor France Preseren (1800-1849) appears to have been really great, worthy of a larger circle of readers. Other poets have been A. Janezic, S. Gregoreic and Murn-Aleksandrov; Erjavec was a story-teller, Jurcic a novelist, but as usual with these beginnings of literature the same man may make a grammar, issue an almanack, and try all kinds of poetry. The two great Slavists Kopitar and Miklosich were Slovenes, but were led astray by race feeling to insist upon Old Slavonic being Old Slovene. They were succeeded by G. Krek and V. Oblak. The chief
periodicals
The Slovene language is the most westerly of the South Slavonic group. It is very closely allied to Serbo-Croatian, but shows some points of resemblance to tech (retaining dl and El, loss of aorist, &c). It is split into eight dialects which differ among themselves widely. the people of Resia are sometimes classed quite apart. In phonetics
change of the original
accent
accent
yet been reached. BIBLIOGRAPHY.J. Duman, " Die Slovenen " in Die Volker .. BIBLIOGRAPHY.J. vol. x. (Vienna, 1881); J. Sket, Sloaenisches Sprach- and Ubungsbuch (Klagenfurt, 1888); Slovenska Slovstvena Citanka (" Slovene literary reading-book ") (2nd ed., 1906); C. Peenik, Praktisches Lehrbuch der slovenischen Sprache ( Leipzig
phonetics
End of Article: SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig] If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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