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Encyclopedia Britannica



SHAWM, SHALM (Fr. chalumeau, chalemelle, hautbois; Ger. Schalmei, Schalmey; Ital. Pifar cenamelle; Lat. calamus; tibia; Gr. a- Ws)

This article appears in Volume V24, Page 814 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SHA-SIV
SHAWM, SHALM (Fr. chalumeau, chalemelle, hautbois; Ger. Schalmei, Schalmey; Ital. Pifar cenamelle; Lat. calamus; tibia; Gr. a- Ws) , the medieval forerunner of the oboe, the treble members of the large family of reed
instruments
  known in Germany as the Pommer (q.v.), Bombart or Schalmey family. Michael Praetorius, at the beginning of the 17th
century
 , enumerates the members of this family (see OBOE); the two of highest pitch are Schalmeys, the first or little Schalmey ,being in Bb (third line) or A, and the second, also called cantus or discant, in E or D below. The shawm or Schalmey had a
compass
  of two octaves, the second diatonic
octave
  being obtained by overblowing each of the notes of the first
octave
  an octave higher; the chromatic semitones were produced by half stopping the holes and by
cross
 -fingering. In some instances the reed mouthpiece was half enclosed in a pirouette, a small
case
  'laving a slit through which that
part
  of the reed which is taken into the mouth of the player was alone exposed, the edges of the slit thus forming a rest for his lips.
In the miniatures of the illuminated MSS. of all countries, more especially from the 14th
century
 , and in early printed books, Schalmeys and Pommers are represented in every conceivable phase of social
life
  in which music takes a
part
 . (K. S.)


End of Article: SHAWM, SHALM (Fr. chalumeau, chalemelle, hautbois; Ger. Schalmei, Schalmey; Ital. Pifar cenamelle; Lat. calamus; tibia; Gr. a- Ws)


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