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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SCY-SHA |
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SHADWELL, THOMAS (c. 1642-1692) , English playwright and miscellaneous writer, was born about 1642, at Santon Hall
Cambridge , where he was entered in 1656. He left the university without a degree, and joined the Middle Temple. In 1668 he produced a prose comedy, The Sullen Lovers, or the Impertinents, based on Les FtIckeux of Moliere, and written in avowed 'imitation of Ben Jonson. His best plays are Epsom Wells (1672), for which Sir Charles Sedley
Shadwell is chiefly remembered as the unfortunate Mac Flecknoe of Dryden's satire, the " last great prophet of tautology," and the literary son and heir of Richard Flecknoe:" The rest to some faint meaning make pretence, But Shadwell never deviates into sense." Dryden had furnished Shadwell with a prologue to his True Widow (1679), and in spite of momentary differences, the two had been apparently on friendly terms. But when Dryden joined the court party, and produced Absalom and Achitophel and The Medal, Shadwell became the champion of the true-blue Protestants, and made a scurrilous attack on the poet in The Medal of John Bayes: a Satire against Folly and Knavery (1682). Dryden immediately retorted in Mac Flecknoe, or a Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T.S. (1682), in which Shadwell's personalities were returned with interest
His son, CHARLES SHADWELL, was the author of The Fair Quaker of Deal and other plays, collected and published in 1720. A complete edition of Shadwell's works was published by his son Sir John Shadwell in 1720. His other dramatic works areThe Royal Shepherdess (1669), an adaptation of John Fountain's Rewards of Virtue; The Humorist (1671); The Miser (1672), adapted from Moliere; Psyche (1695); The Libertine (1676); The Virtuoso (1676),; The history of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1678),on this Sakespearian adaptation see O. Beber, Shadwell's Bearbeitung des. .. Timon of Athens ( Rostock
SHAFI`Y [Mahommed ibn Idris ash-Shafi'il (767-820), the founder of the Shafi'ite school of canon law, was born in A.H. 150 (A.D. 767) of a Koreishite (Quraishite) family at Gaza or Ascalon, and was brought up by his mother in poor circumstances at Mecca. There, and especially in intercourse with the desert tribe of Hudhail, he gained a knowledge of classical Arabic and old Arabian poetry for which he was afterwards famous. About 170 he went to Medina and studied canon law (figh) under Malik ibn Anas. After the death of Malik in 179 legend takes him to Yemen, where he is involved in an 'Alid conspiracy, carried prisoner to Bagdad, but pardoned by Harun al-Rashid. He was certainly pursuing his studies, and he seems to have come to Bagdad in some such way as this and then to have studied under IIanifite teachers. He had not yet formulated his own system. After a journey to Egypt, however, we find him in Bagdad again, as a teacher, between 195 and 198. There he had great success and turned the tide against the I.Ianifite school. His method was to restore the sources of canon law which Abu IIanifa, had destroyed by inclining too much to speculative deduction. Instead, he laid equal emphasis upon the fourKoran_, tradition, analogy, and agreement. See further, under MAHOMMEDAN LAW. In 198 he went to Egypt in the train of a new governor , and this time was received as the leading orthodox authority in law of his time. There he developed and somewhat changed the details of his system, and died in 204 A.D. 820). He was buried to the south-east of what is now Cairo, and a great dome (erected c. A.D. 1240) is conspicuous over his tomb.See F. Wiistenfeld, Schdfa'iten, 31 ff.; M. J. de Goeje in ZDMG. xlvii. 1o6 ff.; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte, i. 178 ff.; M'G. de Slane's transl. of Ibn Khallikan, ii. 569 if., Fihrist, 209, Nawawi's Biogr. Dict. 56 if. (D. B. MA.) End of Article: SHADWELL, THOMAS (c. 1642-1692) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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