SCHILTBERGER, JOHANN

This article appears in Volume V24, Page 326 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SAR-SCY

SCHILTBERGER, JOHANN or HANS (1381-1440?), German traveller and writer, was born of a noble family in 1381 (May 9th ?), probably at Hollern near Lohof, half way between Munich and Freising, on what was then a property of his family. In 1394 he joined the suite of Lienhart Richartinger, and went off to fight under Sigismund, king of Hungary (afterwards emperor), against the Turks on the Hungarian frontier. At the battle of Nicopolis (Sept. 28th, 1396) he was wounded and taken prisoner: when he had recovered the use of his feet, Sultan Bayezid I. (Ilderim) took him into his service as a runner (13961402). During this time he seems to have accompanied Ottoman troops to certain parts of Asia Minor and to Egypt. On Bayezid's overthrow at

Angora

ANGORA, or ENGURI

(July loth, 1402), Schiltberger passed into the service of Bayezid's conqueror Timur: he now appears to have followed Themurlin to Samarkand, and perhaps also to Armenia and Georgia. After Timur's death (February 17th, 1405) his German runner first became a slave of Shah Rukh, the ablest of Timur's sons; then of Miran Shah, a brother of Shah Rukh; then of Abu Bekr, a son of Miran Shah, whose camproamed up and down Armenia. He next accompanied Chekre, a Tatar prince living in Abu Bekr's

horde

HORDE

, on an excursion to Siberia, of Which name Schiltberger gives us the first clear mention in west European literature. He also probably followed his new master in his attack on the Old Bulgaria of the middle

Volga

VOLGA (known to the
Tatars
- TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)
as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

, answering to the modern Kazan and its neighbourhood. Wanderings in the steppe lands of south-east Russia; visits to Sarai, the old

capital

CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

of the Kipchak Khanate on the lower

Volga

VOLGA (known to the
Tatars
- TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)
as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

and to Azov or Tana, still a trading centre for Venetian and Genoese merchants; a fresh

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. 冠 urmu', to bend)

of servitude on Chekre's ruin; travels in the Crimea, Circassia, Abkhasia and Mingrelia; and finally escape (from the neighbourhood of Batum) followed. Arriving at Constantinople, he there lay hid for a time; he then returned to his Bavarian home (1427) by way of Kilia, Akkerman,

Lemberg

LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

, Cracow, Breslau and Meissen After his return he became a chamberlain of Duke Albert III., probably receiving this appointment in the first instance before the duke's accession in 1438.
Schiltberger's Reisebuch contains not only a record of his own experiences and a sketch of various chapters of contemporary Eastern history, but also an account of countries and their manners and customs, especially of those countries which he had himself visited. First come the lands " this side " of Danube, where he had travelled; next follow those between the Danube and the sea, which had now fallen under the Turk; after this, the Ottoman dominions in Asia; last come the more distant regions of Schiltberger's world, from

Trebizond

TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

to Russia and from Egypt to India. In this regional geography the descriptions of Brusa; of various west Caucasian and Armenian regions; of the regions around the Caspian, and the habits of their peoples (especially the Red Tatars) ; of Siberia; of the Crimea with its great Genoese colony at Kaffa (where he once spent five months) ; and of Egypt and Arabia, are particularly worth notice. His allusions to the Catholic missions still persisting in Armenia and in other regions beyond the Euxine, and to (non-Roman ?) Christian communities even in the Great Tatary of the steppes are also remarkable. Schiltberger is perhaps the first writer of Western Christendom to give the true burial place of Mahomet at Medina: his sketches of Islam and of Eastern Christendom, with all their shortcomings, are of remarkable merit for their time: and he may fairly be reckoned among the authors who contributed to fix Prester John, at the close of the middle ages, in Abyssinia. His

work

WORK

, however, contains many inaccuracies; thus in reckoning the years of his service both with Bayezid and with Timur he unaccountably multiplies by two. His account of Timur and his campaigns is misty, often incorrect, and sometimes fabulous: nor can von

Hammer

HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

's parallel between Marco Polo and Schiltberger be sustained without large reservations.
Four MSS. of the Reisebuch exist: (I) at Donaueschingen in the Fiirstenberg Library, No. 481; (2) at Heidelberg, University Library, 216; (3) at Nuremberg, City Library, 34; (4) at St Gall, Monast. Library, 628 (all of 15th century, the last fragmentary). The

work

WORK

was first edited at Augsburg, about 146o; four other editions appeared in the 15th century, and six in the 16th; in the 19th the best were K. F. Neumann's (Munich, 1859), P. Bruun's (Odessa, 1866, with Russian commentary, in the Records of the Imperial University of New Russia, vol. i.), and V. Langmantel's (Tubingen, 1885); " Flans Schiltbergers Reisebuch," in the 172nd volume of the Bibliothek desliterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart. See also the English (Hakluyt Society) version, The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger ..., trans. by Buchan Telfer with notes by P. Braun (London, 1879); von

Hammer

HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

, " Berechtigung d. orientalischen Namen Schiltbergers," in Denkschriften d. Konigl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften (vol. ix., Munich, 18231824) ; R. Rohricht, Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae (Berlin, 189o, pp. 103-104); C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, iii. 356-378, 55o, 555.
(C. R. B.)

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