SAWANTWARI, or SAVANTVADI

This article appears in Volume V24, Page 258 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SAR-SCY

SAWANTWARI, or SAVANTVADI , a native state of Bombay, India. Area, 925 sq. m. Pop. (19o1) 217,732, showing an increase of '3% during the preceding decade. The surface is
aoay. 9broken and rugged, interspersed with densely-wooded hills; in the valleys are gardens and groves of cocoa-nut and betel-nut palms. Sawantwari has no considerable rivers; the

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

streams are the Karli on the north and the Terakhol on the south, both navigable for small craft. The climate is humid and relaxing, with an average annual rainfall of 15o in. The estimated revenue is 28,000. The

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

, whose title is sar desai, is a Mahratta of the Bhonsla family, who traces back his descent to the 16th century. There are

special

SPECIAL

manufactures of ornaments carved out of bison-horn, painted and inlaid lacquer-

work

WORK

, and gold and silver embroidery. The town of SAWANTWARI, or Vadi, is picturesquely situated on the bank of a large lake, 17 M. E. of the seaport of Vengurla. Pop. (19o1) 10,213.
Before the

establishment

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement,
late
- LATE
Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

of Portuguese power Sawantwari was the highway of a

great

GREAT

traffic between the coast and the interior; but during the 16th and 17th centuries trade suffered much from the rivalry of the Portuguese, and in the disturbances of the 18th century it almost entirely disappeared. In consequence of piracy, the whole coast-line (including the port of Vengurla) was ceded to the British in 1812.
SAW-FLY, the name given to the members of a well-known subdivision (Symphyta) of the Hymenoptera characterized by possessing a sessile abdomen which hides the base of the posterior legs. The antennae vary in their structure and in the number of their joints. Two of the processes of the ovipositor are modified to form saws, which when at rest lie in a sheath formed of two other processes which are modified into protective structures or valves. The larvae are usually caterpillars, but may be distinguished from the caterpillars of Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)
by the greater number of their abdominal pro-legs; usually 6 to 8 pairs are present. When alarmed they roll themselves up in a spiral fashion; some also discharge a thin fluid
from lateral pores A
situated above the Turnip Saw-Fly (Athalia spinarum). Saw-spiracle s. The Fly (magnified, with lines to left showing natural females place size), caterpillars, pupa and pupa-case. their eggs in small
incisions made by means of their saws in the soft parts of leaves. Usually one egg is placed in each slit. Some species merely attach their eggs in strings to the exterior of the leaves. With each incision a drop of fluid is usually excreted, which serves to excite a flow of sap to the wounded part. The egg is said to absorb this sap, and so to increase in size. One genus (Nematus) alone forms

galls

GALLS

. These occur in the

young

leaves of the willow, a tree which the true gall-flies do not attack. Nematus ventricosus resembles the bees and wasps in the fact that the parthenogenetic ova produce only males; as a rule in the animal kingdom the absence of fertilization results in the production of females.
The injury which the saw-flies inflict upon crops or

young

trees is almost entirely brought about by the voracious habits of the larvae. These possess well-developed mouth-appendages, by means of which they gnaw their way out of the leaf in which they have been hatched, and then eat it. In this way the turnip saw-fly (Athalia spinarum), not to be confused with the turnip" fly," a beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum) , attacks the leaves of the turnip, often completely consuming the leafage of acres at a time. The pine saw-fly (Lophyrus pins) causes

great

GREAT

damage to plantations of young Scotch firs, devouring the buds, the leaves and even the bark of the young shoots. Other species infest currant and gooseberry bushes, consuming the soft parts of the leaves, and leaving only the tough veins. The only remedy in most cases is to collect and kill the larvae when they first appear, or to spray the plants with some arsenical

wash

WASH, THE

. The best known family of saw-flies is that of the Tenthredinidae, most of whose caterpillars feed on leaves. The larvae of other famines--the Cephidae and ,Siricidae--are internal feeders, burrowing in succulent
II
or woody stems, and their limbs are in an extremely reduced condition.

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