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Encyclopedia Britannica



SAFFRON WALDEN

This article appears in Volume V23, Page 1000 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: SAC-SAR
SAFFRON WALDEN , a market-town and municipal borough in the Saffron Walden parliamentary division of Essex, England, beautifully situated near the Cam in a valley surrounded by hills, on a branch of the
Great
  Eastern railway, 431 M. N.N.E. from London. Pop. (1901) 5896. It has a somewhat ancient appearance and possesses a spacious market-place. Of the old castle, dating probably from the 12th century, but in part protected by much earlier earthworks, the keep and a few other portions still remain. Near it are a
series
  of curious circular excavations in the chalk, called the Maze, of unknown date or purpose. The earthworks west and south of the town are of
great
  extent; there was a large Saxon burial-ground here. The church of St Mary the Virgin, a beautiful specimen of the Perpendicular style, dating from the reign of
Henry
  VII., but frequently repaired and restored, contains the tomb of Lord Audley, chancellor to
Henry
  VIII. There is an Edward VI. grammar school, occupying modern buildings. The town possesses a museum with good archaeological and natural history collections, a literary institute and a horticultural society. The benevolent institutions include the
hospital
 
    See Also:
and the Edward VI. almshouses. There is a British and Foreign School Society's training college for mistresses. In the neighbourhood is the fine
mansion
  of Audley End, built by Thomas, 1st
earl
  of Suffolk, in 1603 on the ruins of the abbey, converted in 1190 from a
Benedictine
  priory founded by Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1136. Brewing, malting and iron-founding are carried on. The borough is under a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors. Area, 7502 acres.
Saffron Walden (Waledana) was almost certainly fortified by the Britons, and probably by some earlier race. The town
corporation
  grew out of the Gild of the Holy Trinity, which was incorporated under Henry VIII., the lord of the town, in 1514. It was dissolved under Edward VI., and a charter was obtained for Walden, appointing a treasurer and chamberlain and twenty-four assistants, all elective, who, with the commonalty, formed the
corporation
 . In 1694 William and Mary made Walden a free borough, with a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 town councillors. The corporation became a local board of health under the act of 1858, and a municipal borough in 1875. The culture of saffron was the most characteristic industry at Walden from the reign of Edward III. until its
gradual
  extinction about 1768.


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