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Encyclopedia Britannica



RONTGEN, WILHELM KONRAD (1845 )

This article appears in Volume V23, Page 694 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: RON-SAC
RONTGEN, WILHELM KONRAD (1845 ) , German physicist, was born at Lennep on the 27th of
March
  1845. He received his early education in Holland, and then went to study at Zurich, where he took his
doctor
 's degree in 1869. He then became assistant to Kundt at Wiirzburg and after-wards at Strassburg, becoming privat-docent at the latter university in 1894. Next year he was appointed professor of mathematics and physics at the Agricultural
Academy
  of
Hohenheim
 , and in 1876 he returned to Strassburg as extra-
ordinary
  professor. In 1879 he was chosen
ordinary
  professor of physics and director of the Physical Institute at Giessen, whence in 1885 he removed in the same capacity to Wurzburg. It was at the latter place that he made the discovery for which his name is chiefly known, the Rontgen rays. In 1895, while experimenting with a highly exhausted vacuum tube on the
conduction
  of electricity through gases, he noticed that a
paper
  screen covered with barium platinocyanide, which happened to be lying near, became fluorescent under the action of some radiation emitted from the tube, which at the time was enclosed in a box of black cardboard. Further investigation showed that this radiation had the power of passing through various substances which are opaque to ordinary light, and also of affecting a photographic
plate
 . Its behaviour being curious in several respects, particularly in regard to reflection and refraction, doubt arose in his mind whether it was to be looked upon as light or not, and he was led to put forward the hypo-thesis that it was due to longitudinal vibrations in the ether, not to transverse ones like ordinary light; but in view of the uncertainty existing as to its nature, he called it X-rays. For this discovery he received the Rumford
medal
  of the Royal Society in 1896, jointly with Philip Lenard, who had already shown, as also had Hertz, that a portion of the cathode rays could pass through a thin film of a metal .such as
aluminium
 . Rontgen also conducted researches in various other branches of physics, including elasticity, capillarity, the
conduction
  of heat in crystals, the absorption of heat-rays by different gases, piezo-electricity, the electromagnetic rotation of polarized light, &c.


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