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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: RHY-RON |
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RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF . The title earl
Earl
Breton
Malcolm
By her third husband Constance had two daughters, the elder of whom, Alice, was given in marriage by Philip Augustus
In 1241 Henry III. granted the honour of Richmond to Peter of Savoy (12031268), uncle of Queen Eleanor, who was thereafter described as earl of Richmond by contemporary chroniclers, though how far he was strictly entitled to the designation has been disputed. By his will he left the honour of Richmond to his niece, the queen consort, who transferred it to the crown. In the same year (1268) Henry III. granted the earldom specifically to John, duke of Brittany (121786), son of Peter de Braine, in whose family the title continuedthough it frequently was forfeited or reverted to the crown and was re-granted to the next heirtill 1342, when it was apparently resumed by Edward III. and granted by that sovereign to his son John of Gaunt, who surrendered it in 1372. It was then given to John de Montfort, duke of Brittany, but on his death without heirs in 1399, or possibly at an earlier date through forfeiture, it reverted to the crown. The earldom now became finally separated from the duchy of Brittany, with which it had been loosely conjoined since the Conquest, although the dukes of Brittany continued to assume the title till a much later date. From 1414 to 1435 the earldom of Richmond was held by John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford, and in 1453 it was conferred on Edmund Tudor, uterine brother to King Henry VI., whose wife, Margaret Beaufort, was the foundress of St John's College, Cambridge , and of the " Lady Margaret " professorships of divinity at Oxford ancj Cambridge (see RICHMOND AND DERBY, MARGARET, COUNTESS OF). When Edmund Tudor's son Henry ascended the throne as Henry VII. in 1485, the earldom of Richmond merged in the crown, and for the next forty years there was no further grant of the title; but in 1525 Henry Fitzroy, natural son of Henry VIII. by Elizabeth Blound, was created duke of Richmond and Somerset and earl of Nottingham, all these titles becoming extinct at his death without children in 1536.Ludovic Stuart, 2nd duke of Lennox (15741624), who also held other titles in the peerage of Scotland, was created earl of Richmond in 1613 and duke of Richmond in 1623. These became extinct at his death in 1624, but his Scottish honours devolved on his brother Esme, who was already earl of March in the peerage of England (see MARCH, EARLS OF; and LENNOX). Esme's son, James, 4th duke of Lennox (16121655), was created duke of Richmond in 1641, the two dukedoms as well as the lesser English and Scottish titles thus becoming again united. In 1672, on the death of his nephew Charles, 3rd duke of Richmond and 6th duke of Lennox, whose wife was the celebrated beauty called " La Belle Stuart " at the court of Charles II. (see RICHMOND AND LENNOX, FRANCES TERESA, DUCHESS OF), his titles became extinct. In 1675 Charles II. created his illegitimate son Charles duke of Richmond, earl of March and baron Settrington, and a few weeks later duke of Lennox, earl of Darnley and baron Torboltoun. This Charles (16721723), on whom his father the king bestowed the surname of Lennox, was the son of the celebrated Louise de Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth. His son Charles, 2nd duke (17011750), added`to the titles he inherited from his father that of duke of Aubigny in France, to which he succeeded in 1734 on the death of his grandmother the duchess of Ports-mouth; and all these honours are still held by his descendant the present duke of Richmond. The seven dukes of Richmond of the Lennox line have all borne the Christian name of Charles. The 2nd duke, by his marriage with Sarah, daughter of the 1st Earl Cadogan, was father of Lady Caroline Lennox, who eloped with Henry Fox, and was the mother of Charles James Fox, and of the beautiful Lady Sarah Lennox (1745-1826) with whom George III. fell in love and 'contemplated marriage, and who afterwards married, first, Sir Thomas Bunbury, from whom she was divorced, and secondly, George Napier, by whom she was the mother of Generals Sir Charles and Sir William Napier. Charles, 3rd duke of Richmond (17351806), was one of the most remarkable men of the 18th century, being chiefly famous for his advanced views on the question of parliamentary reform. Having succeeded to the peerage in 1750, he was appointed British ambassador extraordinary in Paris in 1765, and in the following year he became a secretary of state in the Rockingham administration, resigning office on the accession to power of the earl of Chatham. In the debates on the policy that led to the War of American Independence Richmond was a firm supporter of the colonists; and he initiated the debate in 1778 calling for the removal of the troops from America, during which Chatham was seized by his fatal illness. He also advocated a policy of concession in Ireland, with reference to which he originated the phrase " a union of hearts " which long afterwards became famous when his use of it had been forgotten. In 1779 the duke brought forward a motion for retrenchment of the civil list
The 4th duke (17641819) and his wife Charlotte, daughter of the 4th duke of Gordon, were the givers of the famous ball at Brussels on the night before the battle of Quatre Bras, immortalized in Byron's Childe Harold. Their son, the 5th duke (1791186o), while still known by the courtesy title of earl of March, served on Wellington's staff in the Peninsula, being at the same time member of parliament for Chichester. He was afterwards a vehement opponent in the House
See Sir Robert Douglas, The Peerage of Scotland, edited by Sir J. B. Paul; G. E. C., Complete Peerage, vol. vi. (London, 1895) Lady Elizabeth Cust, Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny in France (London, 1891). For the dukes of the creation of 1675 see also, Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of Grammont, edited by Sir W. Scott, new edition (2 vols., London, 1885) ; Horace Walpole, Letters, edited by P. Cunningham (9 vols., London, 1891), and Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (4 vols., London, 1894) ; the earl of Albemarle, Memoirs of Rockingham and his Contemporaries (2 vols., London, 1852); The Grenville Papers, edited by W. J. Smith (4 vols., London, 1852) ; Earl Stanhope, Life of William Pitt (4 vols., London, 1861); Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice, Life of William Earl of Shelburne (3 vols., London, 1875) the duke of Richmond, The Right of the People to Universal Suffrage and Annual Parliaments (London, 1817), being an edition of the 3rd duke's famous " Letter to Lieut.-Colonel Sharman," originally published in 1783; Lord William Pitt Lennox, Memoir of Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond (London, 1862). (R. J. M.)End of Article: RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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