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RIBOT, ALEXANDRE FELIX JOSEPH (1842 ) , French statesman, was born at St Omer on 7th February 1842. After a brilliant career at the university of Paris, where he was laureat of the faculty of law, he rapidly made his mark at the bar. He was secretary of the conference of advocates and one of the founders of the Societe de legislation comparee. During 1875 and 1876 he was successively director of criminal affairs and secretary-general ,at the ministry of justice. In 1877 he made his entry into political life by the conspicuous part he played on the committee of legal resistance during the Broglie ministry, and in the following year he was returned to the chamber as a moderate republican member for Boulogne, in his native department of Pas-de-Calais. His impassioned yet reasoned eloquence gave him an influence which was increased by his articles in the Parlement in which he opposed violent measures against the unauthorized congregations. He devoted himself especially to financial questions, and in 1882 was reporter. of the budget. He became one of the most prominent republican opponents of the Radical party, distinguishing himself by his attacks on the short-lived Gambetta ministry. He refused to vote the credits demanded by the Ferry cabinet for the Tongking expedition, and shared with M. Clemenceau in the overthrow of the ministry in 1885. At the general election of that year he was one of the victims of the Republican rout in the Pas-de-Calais, and did not re-enter the chamber till 1887. After 1889 he sat for St Omer. His fear of the Boulangist movement converted him to the policy of " Re-publican Concentration," and he entered office in 1890 asforeign minister in the Freycinet cabinet. He had an intimate acquaintance and sympathy with English institutions, and two of his published worksan address, Biographie de Lord Erskine (1866), and Etude sur l'acte du 5 avril 1873 pour l'etablissement d'une tour supreme de justice en Angleterre (1874)deal with English questions; he also gave a fresh and, highly important direction to French policy by the understanding with Russia, which was declared to the world by the visit of the French fleet . to Cronstadt in 1891, and which subsequently ripened into a formal treaty of alliance. . He retained his post in the Loubet ministry (FebruaryNovember 1892), and on its defeat became himself president of the council, retaining the direction of foreign affairs. The government resigned in March 1893 on the refusal of the chamber to accept the Senate's amendments to the budget. On the election of Felix Faure as president of the Republic in January 1895, M. Ribot again became premier and minister of finance. On the loth of June he was able to make the first official announcement of a definite alliance with Russia. On the 30th of October the government was defeated on the question of the Chemin de fer du Sud, and resigned office. The real reason of its fall was the mismanagement of the Madagascar expedition, the cost of which in men and money exceeded all expectations, and the alarming social conditions at home, as indicated by the strike at Carmaux. After the fall of the Meline ministry in 1898 M. Ribot tried in vain to form a cabinet of " conciliation." He was elected, at the end of 1898, president of the important commission on education, in which he advocated the adoption of a modern system of education. The policy of the Waldeck-Rousseau ministry on the religious teaching congregations broke up the Republican party, and M. Ribot was among the seceders; but at the general election. of 1902, though he himself secured reelection, his policy suffered a severe check... He actively opposed the policy of the Combes ministry and denounced the alliance with M. Jaures , and on the 13th of January 1905 he was one of the leaders of the opposition which brought about the fall of the cabinet. Although he had been most violent in denouncing the anti-clerical policy of the Combes cabinet, he now announced his willingness to recognize a new regime to replace the Concordat , and gave the government his support in the establishment of the Associations cultuetles, while he secured some mitigation of the severities attending the separation. He was re-elected deputy for St. Omer in 1906. In the same year he became a member of. the French Academy in succession to the duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier; he was already a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science. In justification of his policy in opposition he published in 1905 two volumes of his Discours politiques.
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