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Encyclopedia Britannica



QUETELET, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES (1796-1874)

This article appears in Volume V22, Page 744 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PYR-RAY
QUETELET, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES (1796-1874) , Belgian astronomer, meteorologist and statistician, was born at
Ghent
  on the 22nd of February 1796, and educated at the lyceum of that town. In 1819 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the
athenaeum
  of Brussels; in 1828 he became lecturer at the newly created museum of science and literature, and he continued to hold that post until the museum was absorbed in the free university in 1834. In 1828 he was appointed director of the new royal
observatory
  which it had been decided to found, chiefly at his instigation. The building was finished in 1832, and the
instruments
  were ready for
work
  in 1835, from which date the observations were published in 4to volumes (Annales de' l'Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles), but
Quetelet
  chiefly devoted himself to meteorology and statistics. From 1834 he was perpetual secretary of the Brussels
Academy
 , and published a vast number of articles in its Bulletin, as also in his journal, Correspondance mathematique et physique (II vols., 1825-39). He died at Brussels on the 17th of February 1874. His son, ERNEST
QUETELET
  (1825-78), was from 1856 attached to the
observatory
 , and on his death succeeded him as director. He made a
great
  number of observations of stars with proper motion.
Quetelet's astronomical papers refer chiefly to
shooting
  stars and similar phenomena. He organised extensive magnetical and meteorological observations, and in 1839 he started regular observations of the periodical phenomena of vegetation, especially the flowering of plants. The results are given in various memoirs published by the Brussels
Academy
 , and in his works Sur le climat de la Belgique and Sur la physique du globe (the latter forms vol. xiii. of the Annales, 1861). He is, however, chiefly known by the statistical investigations which occupied him from 1823 onward. In 1835 he published his principal
work
 , Sur l'homme et le developpement de ses facultes, ou essai de physique sociale (2nd ed., 1869), containing a resume of his statistical researches on the develop, meat of the physical and intellectual qualities of man, and on the " average man both physically and intellectually considered. In 1846 he brought out his Lettres a S. A. R. le duc regnant de Saxe-Coburg et Gotha sur la theorie des probabilites appliquee aux sciences morales et politiques (of which Sir J. Herschel wrote a full account in the Edinburgh
Review
 ), and in 1848 Du systeme social et des lois qui le regissent. In these works he shows how the numbers re-presenting the individual qualities of man are grouped round the numbers referring to the ' average man " in a manner exactly corresponding to that in which single results of observation are grouped round the mean result, so that the principles of the theory of probabilities may be applied to statistical researches on the subjects. These ideas are further developed in various papers in the Bulletin and in his L'Anthropometrie, ou mesure des differences facultes de l'homme (1871), in which he lays
great
  stress on the universal applicability of the binomial law,according to which the number of cases in which, for instance, a certain height occurs among a large number of individuals is represented by an ordinate of a curve (the binomial) symmetrically situated with regard to the ordinate representing the mean result (average height). A detailed Essai sur la vie et les travaux de L. A. J. Quetelet, by his pupil and assistant E. Mailly, was published at Brussels in 1875.


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