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Encyclopedia Britannica



QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN LOUIS ARMAND DE (1810-1892)

This article appears in Volume V22, Page 724 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PYR-RAY
QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN LOUIS ARMAND DE (1810-1892) , French naturalist, was born at Berthezene, near Vallerangue (Gard), on the loth of February 181o, the son of a
Protestant
  farmer. He studied medicine at Strassburg, where he took the
double
 ' degree of MD. and D.Sc., one of his theses being a Theorie d'un coup de canon (November 1829); next year he published a book, Sur les aerolithes, and in 1832 a treatise on L'Extraversion de la vessie. Removing to Toulouse, he practised medicine for a short time, and contributed various memoirs to the local Journal de medecine and to the Annales des sciences naturelles (1834-36). But being unable to continue his researches in the provinces, he resigned the chair of
zoology
  to which he had been appointed, and in 1839 settled in Paris, where he found in H. Milne-Edwards a patron and a friend. Elected professor of natural history at the Lycee
Napoleon
  in 185o, he became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1852, and in 1855 was called to the chair of anthropology and ethnography at the Musee d'histoire naturelle. Other distinctions followed rapidly, and continued to the end of his otherwise uneventful career, the more important being honorary member of the Royal Society of London (June 1879), member of the Institute and of the Academie de medecine, and
commander
  of the Legion of Honour (1881). He died in
Paris on the 12th of January 1892. He was an accurate
observer and unwearied collector of zoological materials, gifted with remarkable descrinlrive power, and possessed of a clear, vigorous style, but c Knewhat deficient in deep philosophic insight. Hence his serious studies on the anatomical characters of the lower and higher organisms, man included, will retain their value, while many of his theories and generalizations, especially in the department of ethnology, are already forgotten.
The
work
  of de Quatrefages ranged over the whole field of
zoology
  from the annelids and other low organisms to the anthropoids and man. Of his numerous essays in scientific
periodicals
 , the more important were: Considerations sur les caracteres zoologiques des rongeurs (184o) ; " De I'or anisation des animaux sans vertebres des
Cotes
  de la Manche " (Ann. Sc. Nat., 1844) ; " Recherches sur
le systeme nerveux, 1'embryogenie, les organs des sens, et la circulation des annelides " (Ibid., 184450) ; " Sur les affinites et les analogies des lombrics et des sangsues " (Ibid.) ; " Sur 1'histoire naturelle des tarets " (Ibid., 184849). Then there is the vast
series
  issued under the general title of " Etudes sur les types inferieurs de 1'embranchement des anneles," and the results of several scientific expeditions to the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlands, Italy and Sicily, forming a
series
  of articles in the Revue des deux mondes, or embodied in the Souvenirs d'un natural-isle (2 vols., 1854). These were followed in
quick
  succession by the Physiologie comparee, metamorphoses de l'homme et des animaux (1862); Les Polynesiens et leurs migrations (1866); Histoire naturelle des anneles marins et de l'eau douce (2 vols., 1866) ; La Rochelle et ses environs (1866); Rapport sur les progres de l'anthropologie (1867); Ch. Darwin et ses precurseurs francais (187o), a study of evolution in which the writer takes somewhat the same attitude as A. R. Wallace, combating the Darwinian doctrine in its application to man; La Race prussienne (1871); Crania Ethnica, jointly with Dr Hamy (2 vols., with 100 plates, 187582), a classical
work
  based on French and foreign anthropological data, analogous to the Crania Britannica of Thurnam and Davis, and to S. G. Morton's Crania Americana and Crania Aegyptiaca; L'Espece humaine (1877); Nouvelles Etudes sur la distribution geographique des negritos (1882); Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages (1884); and Histoire generale des races humaines (2 vols., 188689), the first volume being introductory, while the second attempts a complete classification of mankind.


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