PTE RA

This article appears in Volume V13, Page 431 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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PTE RA .
Order: Coleoptera.
Biting mandibles; second maxillae very intimately fused. Pro-

thorax

THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the
part
- PART
of the
body
- BODY
covered by it)

large and free. Fore-wings modified into firm elytra, beneath which the membranous hind-wings (when present) can be folded. Cerci absent. Four or six Malpighian tubes. Larva campodeiform or eruciform. Pupa free.
Includes the beetles and the parasitic Stylopidae, often regarded as a distinct order (Strepsiptera). (See COLEOPTERA.)
Order: Mecaptera.
Biting mandibles; first maxillae elongate; second maxillae completely fused. Prothorax small. Two pairs of similar, membranous wings, with predominantly longitudinal neuration. Six Malpighian tubes. Larva eruciform. Pupa free. Cerci present.
Includes the single family of Panorpidae (scorpion-flies), often comprised among the Neuroptera.
Order: Trichoptera.
Mandibles present in pupa, vestigial in imago; maxillae suctorial without specialization; first maxillae with lacinia, galea and palp. Prothorax small. Two pairs of membranous,

hair

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

-covered wings, with predominantly longitudinal neuration. Larvae aquatic and eruciform. Pupa free. Six Malpighian tubes. Cerci absent.
Includes the caddis-flies. See NEUROPTERA, among which these

insects

INSECTS

were formerly comprised.
Order: Lepidoptera.
Mandibles absent in imago, very exceptionally present in pupa; first maxillae nearly always without laciniae and often without palps, or only with vestigial palps, their galeae elongated and grooved inwardly so as to form' a sucking trunk. Prothorax small. Wings with predominantly longitudinal neuration, covered with flattened scales. Fore-wings larger than hind-wings. Cerci absent. Four (rarely 6 or 8) Malpighian tubes. Larvae cruciform, with rarely more than five pairs of abdominal prolegs. Pupa free in the lowest families, in most cases incompletely or completely obtect.
Includes the moths and butterflies. See LEPIDOPTERA.
Order:

Diptera

DIPTERA (Sir,
double
- DOUBLE
- DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)
, arepa, wings)

.
Mandibles rarely present, adapted for piercing; first maxillae with palps; second maxillae forming with hypopharynx a suctorial proboscis. Prothorax small, intimately united to mesothorax. Fore-wings well developed ; hind-wings reduced to stalked knobs (" halteres "). Cerci present but usually reduced. Four Malpighian tubes. Larvae eruciform without thoracic legs, or vermiform without head-capsule. Pupa incompletely obtect or free, and enclosed in the hardened cuticle of the last larval instar (puparium).
Includes the two-winged flies (see

DIPTERA

DIPTERA (Sir,
double
- DOUBLE
- DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)
, arepa, wings)

), which may be divided into two sub-orders:
I. Orthorrhapha: Larva eruciform. Cuticle of pupa or puparium splitting longitudinally down the back, to allow escape of imago. Comprises the midges, gnats,

crane

-flies, gad-flies, &c.
2. Cyclorrhapha: Larva vermiform (no head-capsule). Puparium opening by an anterior " lid."
Comprises the hover-flies, flesh-flies, bot-flies, &c.
Order: Siphonaptera.
Mandibles fused into a piercer; first maxillae developed as piercers;
pips of both pairs of maxillae present ; hypopharynx wanting. Prothorax large. Wings absent or vestigial. Larva eruciform, limbless.
Includes the fleas.
Order: Hymenoptera.
Biting mandibles; second maxillae incompletely or completely fused; often forming a suctorial proboscis. Prothorax small, and united to mesothorax. First abdominal segment united to meta-

thorax

THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the
part
- PART
of the
body
- BODY
covered by it)

. Wings membranous, fore-wings larger than hind-wings. Ovipositor always well developed, and often modified into a sting. Numerous (20-150) Malpighian tubes (in rare cases, 6-12 only). Larva eruciform, with seven or eight pairs of abdominal prolegs, or entirely legless. Pupa free.
Includes two sub-orders--
I. Symphyta:

Abdomen

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

not basally constricted. Larvae cater-pillars with thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs.
Comprises the saw-flies.
2. Apocrita:

Abdomen

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

markedly constricted at second segment. Larvae legless grubs.
Comprises

gall

-flies, ichneumon-flies, ants, wasps, bees. See

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