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Encyclopedia Britannica



PSILOMELANE

This article appears in Volume V22, Page 542 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PRE-PYR
PSILOMELANE , a
mineral
  consisting of hydrous
manganese
 
oxide
  with variable amounts of barium, potassium, &c. It is sometimes considered to be a hydrous
manganese
  manganate, but of doubtful composition. The amount of manganese present corresponds to 7o-8o% of manganous
oxide
  with 10-15% of " available " oxygen. The
mineral
  is amorphous and occurs as botryoidal and stalactitic masses with a smooth shining surface and submetallic lustre. The name has reference to this characteristic
appearance
 , being from the Greek >GtXbs (naked, smooth) and fXas (black); a Latinized form is calvonigrite, and a German name with the same meaning is Schwarzer Glaskopf. Psilomelane is readily distinguished from other hydrous manganese oxides (manganite and wad) by its greater hardness (H. = 5 2) ; the sp. gr. varies from 3.7 to 4.7. The streak is brownish-black and the fracture smooth. Owing to its amorphous nature, the mineral often contains admixed impurities, such as
iron
  hydrates. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid with
evolution
  of chlorine. It is a common and important ore of manganese, occurring under the same conditions and having the same commercial applications as pyrolusite (q.v.). It is found at many localities; amongst those which have yielded typical botryoidal specimens may be mentioned the Restormel
iron
  mine at Lostwithiel in
Cornwall
 , Brendon Hill in Somerset, by in th9 Orkneys, Sayn near Coblenz, and Crimora in Augusta county, Virginia. With pyrolusite it is extensively
mined
  in
Vermont
 , Virginia, Arkansas and Nova Scotia.


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