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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PRE-PYR |
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PROTESTANT , the generic name for an adherent of those Churches which base their teaching on the principles of the Reformation (q.v.). The name is derived from the formal Protestatio handed in by the evangelical states of the empire, including some of the more important princes and 14 imperial cities, against the recess of the diet of Spires (1529), which decreed that the religious status quo was to be preserved, that no innovations were to be introduced in those states which had not hither-to made them, and that the mass was everywhere to be tolerated, The name Protestant seems to have been first applied to the protesting princes by their opponents, and it soon came to be used indiscriminately of all the adherents of the reformed religion. Its use appears to have spread more rapidly outside Germany than in Germany itself, one cause of its popularity being that it was negative and colourless, and could thus be applied by adherents of the " old religion " to those of the " new religion," without giving offence, on occasions when it was expedient to avoid abusive language. The designation was moreover grateful to the Reformers as connoting a certain boldness of attitude; and Professor Kattenbusch ( Herzog -Hauck, Realencyklopdie, 3rd ed., xvi. p. 136, 15) points out with great
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glory
As the designation of a Church, " Protestant " was unknown during the Reformation period and for a long while after. In Germany the Reformers called themselves usually evengelici, and avoided special
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The style " Protestant " had, however, during the 19th century assumed a variety of new shades of meaning which necessarily made its particular application a somewhat hazardous proceeding. In Germany it had, for a while, been assumed by the Lutherans as against the Calvinists, and when in 1817 King Frederick William III. of Prussia forcibly amalgamated the Lutheran and Reformed Churches in the new " Evangelical Church " its public use was forbidden in the Prussian dominions. It survived, however, in spite of royal decrees, but in an altered sense. It becameto quote Professor Kattenbuschthe " secular " designation of the adherents of the Reformation, the shibboleth of the " liberal " ecclesiastical and theological tendencies. Finally, in opposition to the ultramontane movement
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In the Church of England, on the other hand, the name " Protestant " has, under the influence of the High Church reaction, been repudiated by an increasingly large number ofthe clergy and laity, and is even sometimes used by them in a derogatory sense as applied to their fellow churchmen who still uphold in their integrity the principles of the Reformation. Among the latter, on the other hand, " Protestantism " is used as exclusive of a good many of the doctrines and practices which in the Lutheran Church were at one time ".Protestant " as opposed to " Reformed," e.g. the doctrine of the real Presence, auricular confession , the use of ceremonial lights and vestments. By many churchmen, too, the name of " Protestant " is accepted in what they take to be the old sense as implying repudiation of the claims of Rome, but as not necessarily involving a denial of " Catholic " doctrine or any confusion of the Church of England with non-episcopal churches at home or abroad.In contradistinction to all these somewhat refined meanings, the term " Protestant " is in common parlance applied to all Christians who do not belong to the Roman Catholic Church, or to one or other of the ancient Churches of the East
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