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Encyclopedia Britannica



PIPPIN II

This article appears in Volume V21, Page 636 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PIG-POL
PIPPIN II . (d. 714), incorrectly called Pippin of Herstal, was son of Adalgiselus (son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz) by a daughter of Pippin I., called in later documents Begga. Towards 678 he placed himself at the head of the
great
  nobles in Australia to combat Ebroin, the mayor of the palace, and Neustria. After some reverses he gained a
great
  victory after Ebroin's death at the battle of Tertry, not far from St Quentin. This victory made Pippin almost entire master of Gaul. He appointed one of his sons mayor of the palace of Neustria, reserving for another of his sons the mayoralty of Austrasia. He made war
(I)
CH2
on the Frisians and defeated their duke Radbod; and part of this people became converts to Christianity. He also defeated Willari, the duke of the Alamanni, and subdued his country. The Bavarians, too, recognized the Frankish suzerainty. The plans he had formed for reforming the church and convoking councils were interrupted by his death, which took place on the '6th of December 714.
Pupils' III. (d. 768), the Short,' was son of Charles Martel. Before his death in 74' Charles Martel had divided the Frankish kingdom between his two sons, Carloman and Pippin, giving Carloman the eastern part and Pippin the western. Since 737 there had been no king in the Frankish realm; in the diplomas the two brothers
bear
  the title of majores palatii, while the chroniclers
call
  them simply principes. In 743, however, the mayors decided to appoint a king in the person of Childeric III., who was apparently connected with the Merovingian family. But Childeric was a mere figure-head, and had no power. The two brothers presided over the tribunals, convoked the councils at which the Frankish Church was reformed, assembled the host and made war, jointly defeating and subduing Duke
Hunald
  of Aquitaine. In 747 Carloman unexpectedly abdicated, became a monk, and retired to a monastery near Rome, subsequently founding on Mt Soracte the monastery of St Silvester. From the time of the abdication Pippin was sole master; and in 751, after consulting
Pope
  Zacharias, he took the title of king and removed the feeble Childeric to a monastery. He then got himself crowned by St
Boniface
 , a ceremony which was new to France and which gave the sovereign immense prestige; henceforth the king of the Franks called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorurn. Pippin's reign is marked by many important events. He received in France a personal visit from
Pope
  Stephen II., who conferred on him the title of Patrician of the Romans and recrowned him. In return for these honours Pippin, at the appeal of the pope, made two expeditions into Italy, in 754 and 756; and he became the veritable creator of the papal state by conferring on the pope the exarchate of Ravenna, which he had wrested from Aistulf, the king of the Lombards. Pippin took Septimania from the Arabs, and after a stubborn war of nearly eight years' duration (76o68) succeeded in taking Aquitaine from its duke, Waifer. He also intervened in Germany, where he forced the duke of Bavaria, Tassilo, to become his vassal. In 763, however, Tassilo abandoned Pippin during an expedition against Aquitaine. Pippin made several expeditions against the
Saxons
 , but failed to subdue them. He entered into relations with the Eastern Empire, exchanging ambassadors with the emperor Constantine Copronymus. During Pippin's reign Frankish institutions underwent some modification. The Frankish assemblies, previously held in the month of March (champs de mars), but under Pippin deferred to May (champs de mai), came to be more numerous, and served the king of the Franks as a means of receiving the gifts of his subjects and of promulgating his capitularies. At the head of the administration was placed the archchaplain, and an ecclesiastical chancellor was substituted for the ancient ref erendarius. Ecclesiastical reform was continued under Pippin, Bishop Chrodegans of Metz uniting the clergy of Metz in a common life and creating canons (see CANON). Pippin died on the 24th of September 768 at St Denis, leaving two sons, Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman.
See H. Bonnell, Die Anfange des karolingischen Hauses (Berlin, '866) ; H. Hahn, Jahrbucher des frankischen Reiches 741752 (Berlin, 1863); L. Oelsner, Jahrbucher des frankischen Reiches unter
Konig
  Pippin (
Leipzig
 , 1871); J. F. Wilmer and E. Muhlbacher, Regesten des Kaiserreichs enter den Karolingern (2nd ed., 1899); and E. Muhlbacher, Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern (
Stuttgart
 , '896). (C. PF.)


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