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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PER-PIG |
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PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891) , patriarch of Constantinople (858867 and 878-886). From his early years he displayed an extra- ordinary talent and appetite for knowledge, and as soon as he had completed his own education he began to teach with distinguished success grammar, rhetoric, divinity and philosophy. The way to public life was probably opened for him by the marriage
elevation
For long after Photius's death his memory was held in no special
control . In erudition, literary power, and force and versatility of intellect he far surpassed every contemporary.The most important of the works of Photius is his renowned Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon (ed. I. Bekker, 18241825), a collection of extracts from and abridgments of 28o volumes of classical authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a great extent lost. The work is specially rich in extracts from historical writers. To Photius we are indebted for almost all we possess of Ctesias, Memnon, Conon, the lost books of Diodorus Siculus, and the lost writings of Arrian. Theology and ecclesiastical history are also very fully represented, but poetry and ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored. It seems that he did not think it necessary to deal with those authors with whom every well-educated man would naturally be familiar. The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and independent judgment, and the excerpts, vary considerably in length. The numerous biographical notices are probably taken from the work of Hesychius of Miletus. The+ Lexicon (A&femv Euvaymyit), published later than the Bibliotheca, was probably in the main the work of some of his pupils. It was intended as a book of reference to facilitate the reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose language and vocabulary were out of date, The only MS. of the Lexicon is the Codex Galeanus, formerly in the possession of Thomas Gale (q.v.), and now in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge (ed. S. A. Naber, 1864, with introduction on the authorities, critical commentary, and valuable indexes). His most important theological work is the Amphilochia, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, archbishop of Cyzicus (ed. Sophocles Oeconomus, Athens, 1858). Other similar works are his treatise in four booksagainst the Manichaeans and Paulicians, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. His Epistles, political and private, addressed to high church and state dignitaries, are valuable for the light they throw upon the character and versatility of the writer (ed. J. Valettas, London, 1864). A large number of his speeches and homilies have been edited by S. Aristarches (1900). The only complete edition is Bishop Malou's in Migne's Patrologia graeca, ci.cv. R. Reifzenstein (Der Anfang des Lexikons des Photius, 1907) has published a hitherto unedited MS. containing numerous fragments from various verse and prose
After the allusions in his own writings the chief
See also article by F. Kattenbusch in Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklop6.die fur protestantische Theologie (1904), containing full bibliographical details; J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca, x. 67o-776, xi. 137 ; C. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, pp. 73-79, 515524 (2nd ed., 1897) ; J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (2nd ed., 1906). End of Article: PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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