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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PER-PIG |
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PHONOGRAPH .) The following is an instructive analysis by Boeke - of the curves representing the tones of a cornet, and it illustrates the laws
instrument :Note . I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To Partials. J =170 vibs. . I I.05 1'22 1'15 I-01 0.80 0.53 0.28 0.13 0.10 C' =256 ,. 1 0.92 o.81 0.53 0 39 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.04 g' =384 . I 0.76 0.46 0.14 0.09 0.06 0'07 0.22 001 0.01 C =512 . 1 0'92 0.30 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.02 These figures represent the relative intensities of the partials enter- ing into the formation of the note, and it will be observed that the intensity gradually diminishes. This analysis may be contrasted with that of the vowel dd sung by Boeke (act. 5o) on the notes f and. c', and the same vowel sung on the notes g' and e by his son (aet. I2).Man, act. 5o, singing dd. Pitch . I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Partials. f =170.6 vibs. I o86 0.46 1'74 1'90 1'55 051 0'54 0'43 0'44 C'=256 I 0'49 1'96 1.25 o.6o 0.56 0.23 0.05 0.06 see Boy, act. 12, singing dd. - Pitch . I 2 3 5 6 Partials. g' =384 vibs. . I 1'22 2.67 0'45 0'17 0'06 e' =640 ,, . I 8.09 1.45 0'53 .. .. It will be observed that in both these cases the intensity of the partials does not fade away gradually as we proceed from the lower to the higher partials, as with the cornet, but that certain partials are intensified more than others, namely, those printed in black. In other words, the form of the resonating cavity develops particular partials, and these modify the quality of the tone. If we multiply the vibrational number of the fundamental tone by the number of the partial we obtain the pitch of the resonance cavity; or if we take the mean of the partials reinforced we obtain the pitch of the mean resonance. Lloyd
P artials. Mean Pitch in Reinforced. Partial. Complete Vibration. Man's aa. 4-6 4.96 846 f =170.6 vibs. c' =256 3-4 3'39 868 Boy's dd. 2-4 2.82 1084 g' =384 vibs. c=64o 1-3 2.04 1307 This analysis shows: (1) that the man's resonance rises slightly (half-semitone) in ascending seven semitones in the middle of his register
register
It would appear that both theories are partially true; they are not mutually exclusive. The view of Donders that each vowel has an oral cavity of unchangeable and fixed pitch is too exclusive, and, on the other hand, it cannot be denied that each vowel has a predominant partial or predominant partials which give it a definite character , and which must be produced by the oral cavity as a whole, or by the double
Lloyd . As we sing a vowel in an ascending scale the form of the resonance cavity may slightly change , but not sufficiently to alter the quality of the vowel. Thus we still detect the vowel tone. A singer
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