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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PER-PIG |
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PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567) , son of the landgrave William II., was born at Marburg on the 13th of November 1504. He became landgrave on his father's death in 1509, and having been declared of age in 1518, was married in 1523 to Christina, daughter of George, duke of Saxony (d. 1539). In 1522 and 1523 he assisted to quell the rising of Franz von Sickingen (q.v.), who had raided Hesse five years previously, and in 1525 he took a leading part in crushing the rebellion of the peasants in north Germany, being mainly responsible for their defeat at Frankenhausen
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confession of Augsburg; and the formation of the league of Schmalkalden in the same year was largely due to his energy.His next important undertaking, the restoration of Ulrich, duke of Wurtemberg (q.v.) to his duchy, was attended with conspicuous success. Wurtemberg had passed into the possession of the Habsburgs, but after Philip's brief and victorious campaign in 1534 the humiliation of Charles V. and his brother, the German king, Ferdinand I., was so complete that it was Charles V. at the hands of Maurice in 1552; and after the conclusion of the peace of Passau in this year he returned to Hesse. Although less active than formerly, the landgrave did not cease to intrigue on behalf of the Protestants while continuing the work of reforming and organizing the Church in Hesse. In 1562 he aided the Huguenots with troops, and he was frequently in communication with the insurgents in the Netherlands; but his efforts to form a union of the Protestants were fruitless. Philip, who is sometimes called the Magnanimous, died at Cassel on the 31st of March 1567. By Christina he had four sons and five daughters, and according to his directions the landgraviate was partitioned at his death between his sons. He had also by Margaret von der Saal seven sons, who were called counts of Dietz, and one daughter. See Ch. von Rommel, Philipp der Grossmuthige (Giessen, 183o); Brief wechsel Landgraf Philipps mit Bucer, edited by M. Lenz ( Leipzig
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