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Encyclopedia Britannica



PHARAOH (Par'oh)

This article appears in Volume V21, Page 346 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PER-PIG
PHARAOH (Par'oh) , the Hebraized title of the king of Egypt (q.v.), in Egyptian Per-'o; Pheron in Herodotus represents the same. Its combination with the name of the king, as in Pharaoh-Necho, Pharaoh-Hophra, is in accordance with contemporary native usage: the name of the earlier Pharaoh Shishak (Sheshonk) is rightly given without the title. In hieroglyphic a king bears several names preceded by distinctive titles. In the IVth
Dynasty there might be four of the latter: (1) identifying
him with the royal god
Horus
 ; the name is commonly written
in a
frame
  representing the facade of a building,
perhaps a palace or tomb, on which the falcon stands. (2)
connecting him with the vulture and uraeus god-desses, Nekhabi and Buto of the
south
  and north. (3) a hawk on the symbol of gold, signifying the victorious
Horus
 . (4) the old titles of the rulers of the separate king-
es
doms of Upper and Lower Egypt, to be read stni, " butcher(?) " and byti, " beekeeper(?) " The personal name of the king followed (4), and was enclosed in a cartouche C i apparently symbolizing the circuit of the sun which alone bounded the king's
rule
 . Before the IVth Dynasty the cartouche is seldom found: the usual title is (1), and (3) does not occur. In the Vth Dynasty the custom began of giving the king at his accession a
special
  name connecting him with the sun: this was placed in the cartouche after (4), and a fifth title was
added: (5) Si-re, " son of the Sun-god," to precede
a cartouche containing the personal name. The king was briefly spoken of by his title stni (see 4), or Om", "his service," or Ity, " liege-lord." These titles were preserved in the sacred writing down to the latest age. An old term for the royal palace
establishment
  and estate was Per-'o, " the
Great
 
House
 , " and this gradually became the personal designation of Pharaoh (cf. the Grand Porte), displacing all others in the popular language. (F. Li. G.)


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