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Encyclopedia Britannica

PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

This article appears in Volume V21, Page 162 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAS-PER

PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood) , in ancient Laconia the class intermediate between the Spartan citizens and the serfs or helots (q.v.). Ephorus says (Strabo viii. 364 seq.) that they were the

original

ORIGINAL

Achaean inhabitants of the country, that for the first generation afterthe Dorian invasion they shared in the franchise of the ins vaders, but that this was afterwards taken from them and they were reduced to a subject condition and forced to pay

tribute

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

. The term, however, came to denote not a nationality but a political status, and though the main

body

BODY

of the

perioeci

PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

may have been Achaean in origin, yet they afterwards included Arcadians on the northern frontier of Laconia,

Dorians

DORIANS

, especially in Cythera and in Messenia, and Ionians in Cynuria. They inhabited a large number of settlements, varying in size from important towns like Gythium to insignificant hamlets (Isocrates xii. 179); the names of these, so far as they are known, have been collected by Clinton (

Fasti

FASTI

hellenici, 2nd ed. i. 401 sqq.). They possessed personal freedom and some measure of communal independence, but were apparently under the immediate super-vision of Spartan harmosts (governors) and subject to the general

control

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

of the ephors, though Isocrates is probably going too far in saying (xii. 181) that the ephors might put to death without trial as many of the

perioeci

PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

as they pleased. Certain it is that they were excluded not merely from all Spartan offices of state, but even from the assembly, that they were absolutely subject to Spartan orders, and that, owing to the absence of any legal right of

marriage

MARRIAGE

(brryapia) the gulf between the two classes was impassable. They were also obliged to pay the "royal

tribute

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

," perhaps a rent for domain-land which they occupied, and to render military service. This last burden grew heavier as time went on; 5000 Spartiates and s000 perioec hoplites fought at Plataea in 479 B.C., but the steady decrease in the number of the Spartiates necessitated the increasing employment of the perioeci. Perioeci might serve as petty officers or even rise to divisional commands, especially in the

fleet

FLEET

, but seemingly they were never set over Spartiates. Yet except at the beginning of the 4th century the perioeci were, so far as we can judge, fairly contented, and only two of their cities joined the insurgent helots in 464 B.C. (Thuc. i. tor). The reason of this was that, though the land which they cultivated was very unproductive, yet the prohibition which shut out every Spartiate from manufacture and commerce left the industry and trade of Laconia entirely in the hands of the perioeci. Unlike the Spartiates they might, and did, possess gold and silver and the iron and steel wares from the mines on Mt Taygetus, the shoes and woollen stuffs of Amyclae, and the import and export trade of Laconia and Messenia probably enabled some
at least of them to live in an ease and comfort unknown to their Spartan lords.
See G. Grote, History of.

Greece

GREECE

, pt. ii., ch. 6; C. O. Muller,

Dorians

DORIANS

(Eng. trans.), bk. iii., ch. 2; A. H. J. Greenidge, Greek Constitutional History, p. 78 sqq. ; G. Gilbert, Greek Constitutional Antiquities (Eng. trans.) p. 35 sqq. ; G. F. Schomann, Antiquities of

Greece

GREECE

(Eng. trans.) p. 201 sqq. ; G. Busolt, Die griech. Staats- and Rechtsaltertiimer, 84; Griech. Geschichte, i. 528 seq. (2nd ed.) ; V. Thumser, Lehrbuch der griech. Staatsaltertumer (6th ed.), 19; B. Niese, Nachrichten von der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Gottingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, (1906), tot sqq. (M. N. T.)

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