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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAS-PER |
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PAUL III . (Alessandro Farnese), pope from 1534 to 1549, Was born on the 28th of February 1468, of an old and distinguished family. As a pupil of the famous Pomponius
The pontificate of Paul III. forms a turning-point in the history of the papacy. The situation at his accession was grave and complex: the steady growth of Protestantism, the preponderant power of the emperor and his prolonged wars with France, the advances of the Turks, the uncertain mind of the Church itselfall conspired to produce a problem involved and delicate. Paul was shrewd, calculating, tenacious; but on the other hand over-cautious, and inclined rather to temporize than to strike at the critical moment. His instincts and ambitions were those of a secular prince of the Renaissance; but circumstances forced him to become the patron of reform. By the promotion to the cardinalate of such men as Contarini
into Italy (1542), the establishment
But in the matter of a general council, so urgently desired by the emperor, Paul showed himself irresolute and procrastinating. Finally on the 13th of December 1545 the Council assembled in Trent; but when the victories of Charles V. seemed to threaten its independence it was transferred to Bologna (March 1547) and not long afterwards suspended (Sept. 1549). He concluded the truce of Nice (1538) between Charles and Francis, and contracted an alliance with each. But the peace of Crespy and the emperor's negotiations with the Protestants (1544) turned him against Charles, and he was suspected of desiring his defeat in the Schmalkaldic War. The most deplorable weakness of Paul was his nepotism. Parma and Piacenza, States of the Church, he bestowed upon his natural son Pier Luigi (1545). But in 1549 Pier Luigi was assassinated by hig outraged subjects, and the emperor thereupon claimed the two duchies for his son-in-law Ottavio Farnese, Paul's grandson. This led to a family quarrel which greatly embittered the last days of the pope and hastened his death (Nov. 1o, 1549). Parma and Piacenza continued to be a bone of contention for two hundred and fifty years. Paul w.is gifted and cultured, a lover and patron of art. He began the famous Farnese Palace; constructed the Sala Regia in the Vatican; commissioned Michelangelo to paint the " Last Judgment," and to resume work upon St Peter's; and other-wise adorned the city. Easy-going, luxurious, worldly-minded, Paul was not in full sympathy with the prevailing influences about him. See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom. ; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602, both contemporaries of Paul III.); Quirini, Imago optimi . pontif. expressa in gestis Pauli III. (Brixen, 1745); Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., Austin), i. 243 seq. ; v. Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., iii. 2, 471 seq., 716 seq. ; Brosch, Gesch. des Kirchenstaates (188o), i. 163 seq.; Ehses, " Kirchliche Reformarbeiten unter Paul III. vor dem Trienter Konzil," Rom. Quartalschrift (1901), xv. 153 seq. ; Capasso, La Politica di papa Paolo III. el'Italia (Camerino, 1901); and also the extensive bibliography in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v. " Paul III." Paul. IV. (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), pope from 1555 to 1559, was born on the 28th of June 1476, of a noble Neapolitan family. His ecclesiastical preferment he owed to the influence of an uncle, Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa. Having filled the post of nuncio in England and Spain, he served successive popes as adviser in matters pertaining to heresy and reform. But he resigned his benefices, and, in conjunction with Cajetan, founded the order of the Theatines (1524) with the object of promoting personal piety and of combating heresy by preaching. In 1536 Paul III. made him cardinal-archbishop of Naples and a member of the reform commission. After the failure of Contarini
elevation
Paul's attitude towards nepotism was at variance with his character as a reformer. An unworthy nephew, Carlo Caraff a,(POPES) was made cardinal, and other relatives were invested with the duchies of Paliano and Montebello. It was Paul's hope in this way to acquire a support in his war with the Spaniards. But the defeat of his plans disillusioned him, and he turned to reform. A stricter life was introduced into the papal court; the regular observance of the services of the Church was enjoined; many of the grosser abuses were prohibited. These measures only increased Paul's unpopularity, so that when he died, on the 18th of August 1559, the Romans vented their hatred by demolishing his statue, liberating the prisoners of the Inquisition, and scattering its papers. Paul's want of political wisdom, and his ignorance of human nature aroused antagonisms fatal to the success of his cause. See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom. ; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602, both contemporaries of Paul IV.); Caraccioli, De vita Pauli IV. P.M. (Cologne, 1612; for criticism see Hist. Zeitschr., xliv. 46o seq.), whose rich collection of materials was used by Bromata, Vita di Paolo IV. (Ravenna, 1748), and Samm, Une Question ital. an seizieme siecle (Paris, 1861). See also Castaldo, Vita del pontifice Paolo Quarto (Modena, 1618) ; Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans. by Austin), i. 286 seq. (an excellent sketch) ; v. Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., iii. 2, 513 seq. and Benrath, " G. P. Caraffa u. d. reformatorische Bewegung seiner Zeit.," in Jahrb. fur Prot. Theol. (1878), vol. i.; Ancel, Disgrace et prods des Caraffa (1909) ; Riess, Politik Pauls IV. (1909). PsuL V. (Camillo Borghese), successor of Leo XI., was born in Rome on the 17th of September 1552, of a noble family. He studied in Perugia and Padua, became a canon lawyer, and was vice-legate in Bologna. As a reward of a successful mission to Spain Clement VIII. made him cardinal (1596) and later vicar in Rome and inquisitor. Elevated to the papacy, on the 16th of May 16o5, his extreme conception of papal prerogative, his arrogance and obstinacy, his perverse insistence upon the theoretical and disregard of the actual, made strife inevitable. He provoked disputes with the Italian states over ecclesiastical rights. Savoy, Genoa, Tuscany and Naples, wishing to avoid a rupture, yielded; but Venice resisted. The republic stood upon her right to judge all her subjects, and by her demands touching benefices, tithes and papal bulls showed her determination to be supreme in her own territory. Excommunication and interdict (April 17, 16o6) were met with defiance. The cause of the republic was brilliantly advocated by Fra Paolo Sarpi, counsellor of state; the defenders of the papal theory were Cardinals Baronius and Bellarmine. The pope talked of coercion by arms; but Spain, to whom he looked for support, refused to be drawn
withstanding certain concessions, the victory remained with the republic (see SARPI). Paul became involved in a quarrel with England also. After the Gunpowder Plot parliament required a new oath of allegiance to the king and a denial of the right of . the pope to depose him or release his subjects from their obedience. Paul forbade Roman Catholics to take the oath; but to no purpose, beyond stirring up a literary controversy. By his condemnation of Gallicanism (1613) Paul angered France, and provoked the defiant declaration of the states general of 1614 that the king held his crown from God alone. Paul encouraged missions, confirmed many new congregations and brotherhoods, authorized a new version of the Ritual, and canonized Carlo Borromeo
Maggiore ; and restored the aqueduct of Augustus
See Bzovius (Bzowski), De vita Pauli V. (Rome, 1625; contained in Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom., ed. 1626), who depicts Paul as a paragon of all public and private virtues; Vitorelli, continuator of Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (a con-temporary of the pope) ; Goujet, Hist. du pontificat de Paul V., (1765) ; Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans. by Austin), ii. 330 seq., iii. 72 seq. ; v. Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, 6os seq. ; Brosch, Gesch. des Kirchenstaates (188o), i. 351 seq. The Venetian version of the quarrel with the pope was written by Sarpi (subsequently translated into English, London, 1626) ; see also Cornet, Paolo V. et la repub. veneta (Vienna, 1859) ; and Trollope
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