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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS |
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PASCHAL II . (Ranieri), pope from the 13th of August 1099 to the 21st of January 1118, was a native of Bieda, near Viterbo, and a monk of the Cluniac order. He was created cardinal-priest of S. Clemente by Gregory VII. about 1o76, and was consecrated pope in succession to Urban II. on the 14th of August 1099. In the long struggle with the emperors over investiture , he zealously carried on the Hildebrandine policy, but with only partial success. In 1104 Paschal succeeded in instigating the emperor's second son to rebel against his father, but soon found Henry
investiture than Henry
crozier
excommunication . On the death of the countess Matilda, who had bequeathed all her territories to the Church (1115), the emperor at once laid claim to them as imperial fiefs and forced the pope to flee from Rome. Paschal returned after the emperor's withdrawal at the beginning of 1118, but died within a few days on the 21st of January 1118. His successor was Gelasius II.The principal sources for the life of Paschal II. are his Letters in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Epistolae, vols. 3, 6, 7, 13, 17, 20-23, 25, and the Vita by Petrus Pisanus in the Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne (Paris, 1892). Important bulls are in J. A. G. von Pflugk-Harttung, Die Bullen der Papste bis zum Ende des zwolften Jahrhunderts (Gotha, 19o1), and a valuable digest in Jaffe-Wattenbach, Regesta pontif. roman. (1885-1888). See J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III. (Bonn, 1893) ; K. J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v. (2nd ed., 18731890) ; E. Franz, Papst Paschalis II. (Breslau,1877) ; W. Schum, Die Politik Papst Paschals II. gegen Kaiser Heinrich V. im Jahre 1112 (Erfurt, 1877); I. Roskens, Heinrich V. and Paschalis II. (Essen, 1885) ; C. Gernandt, Die erste Romfahrt Heinrich V. (Heidelberg, 189o) ; G. Peiser, Der deutsche Investiturstreit unter Kaiser Heinrich V. bis zu dem papstlichen Privileg vom 3 April 1111 (Berlin, 1883); and B. Monod, Essai sur les rapports de Pascal II. avec Philippe I. (Paris, 1907). There is an exhaustive bibliography with an excellent article by Carl Mirbt in Herzog -Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed., 1904). (C. H. HA.)End of Article: PASCHAL II If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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