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Encyclopedia Britannica



PARALLELS

This article appears in Volume V20, Page 762 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS
PARALLELS , in siegecraft, a
term
  used to express the trenches
drawn
  by besiegers in a generally parallel direction to the front of a fortress chosen for attack. Parallels are employed along with " zigzag approaches " in the " formal attack " or siege proper. They are traced in short zigzag lengths (the prolongation of each length falling clear of the hostile works), in order to avoid enfilade; but their obliquity is of course made as slight as is consistent with due
protection
  in order to
save
  time and labour. The " first parallel " is opened at a convenient distance from the fortress, by numerous working parties, who dig (under cover of night) a continuous line of entrenchments facing the point or points of attack. Zigzags are next dug to the
rear
  (when necessary) to give sheltered access to the parallel, and from this new zigzags are pushed out towards the defenders, to be connected by a " second parallel," and so on until finally a parallel is made sufficiently close to the fortress to permit of an assault- over the open, the parallels becoming stronger and more solid as they approach to closer range. This
system
  of parallels provides, within range of the defenders' weapons, shelter in which the besieger can safely
mass
  men and material for the
prosecution
  of the attack. Parallels and approaches are constructed either by
ordinary
  " trench
work
 ," executed simultaneously by a large number of men strung out along the intended line, or by " sapping " in which one trained " sapper," as it were, burrows a trench in the required direction, others following him to widen and improve the
work
 .


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