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Encyclopedia Britannica

PAN (" pasturer ")

This article appears in Volume V20, Page 663 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS

PAN (" pasturer ") , in Greek mythology, son of Hermes and one of the daughters of Dryops (" oak-man "), or of Zeus and the nymph Callisto, god of shepherds, flocks and forests. He is not mentioned in Homer or Hesiod. The most poetical account of his

birth

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

and life is given in the so-called Homeric hymn To Pan. He was born with horns, a goat's beard and feet and a tail, his person being completely covered with

hair

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

. His mother was so alarmed at his appearance that she fled; but Hermes took him to

Olympus

OLYMPUS

, where he became the favourite of the gods, especially Dionysus. His life and characteristics are typical of the old shepherds and goatherds. He was essentially a rustic god," a

wood

-spirit conceived in the form of a goat," living in woods and caves, and traversing the tops of the mountains; he protected and gave fertility to flocks; he hunted and fished; and sported and danced with the mountain nymphs. A lover of music, he invented the shepherd's pipe, said to have been made from the reed into which the nymph Syrinx was transformed
when fleeing from his embraces (Ovid, Metam. i. 691 sqq.). With a kind of trumpet formed out of a shell he terrified the Titans in their fight with the Olympian gods. By his unexpected appearance he sometimes inspires men with sudden terrorhence the expression " panic " fear. Like other spirits of the woods and fields, he possesses the power of inspiration and prophecy, in which he is said to have instructed Apollo. As a nature-god he was brought into connexion with Cybele and Dionysus, the latter of whom. he accompanied on his Indian expedition. Associated with Pan is a number of Panisci, male and female forest imps, his wives and children, who send evil dreams and apparitions to terrify mankind. His

original

ORIGINAL

home was Arcadia; his cult was introduced into Athens at the time of the battle of Marathon, when he promised his assistance against the Persians if the Athenians in return would

worship

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

him. A cave was consecrated to him on the north side of the

Acropolis

ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

, where he was annually honoured with a sacrifice and a torch-race (Herodotus vi. 105). In later times, by a misinterpretation of his name (or from the identification of the Greek god with the ram-headed Egyptian god Chnum, the creator of the world), he was pantheistically conceived as the universal god (TO rag). The pine and oak were sacred to him, and his offerings were goats, lambs, cows, new wine, honey and milk. The Romans identified him with Inuus and Faunus.
In art Pan is represented in two different aspects. Sometimes he has goat's feet and horns, curly

hair

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

and a long beard, half animal, half man; sometimes he is a handsome youth, with long flowing hair, only characterized by horns just beginning to grow, the shepherd's crook and pipe. In bas-reliefs he is often shown presiding over the dances of nymphs, whom he is sometimes pursuing in a state of intoxication. He has furnished some of the attributes of the

ordinary

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

conception of the devil. The story (alluded to by Milton, Rabelais, Mrs Browning and Schiller) of the 'pilot Thamus, who, sailing near the island of Paxi in the time of Tiberius, was commanded by a mighty voice to proclaim that " Pan is dead," is found in Plutarch (De orac. defectu, 17). As this story coincided with the

birth

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

(or crucifixion) of Christ it was thought to herald the end of the old world and the beginning of the new. According to Roscher (in Neue Jahrbiicher fur Philologie, 1892) it was of Egyptian origin, the name Thamus being connected with Thmouis, a town in the neighbourhood of Mendes, distinguished for the

worship

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

of the ram; according to Herodotus (ii. 46), in Egyptian the goat and Pan were both called Mendes. S. Reinach suggests that the words uttered by the " voice " were eaous, Oao"us, sraveyas, TEBv17Ke (" Tammuz, Tammuz, the all-

great

GREAT

, is dead "), and that it was merely the lament for the "

great

GREAT

Tammuz " or Adonis (see L. R. Farneil in The Year's

Work

WORK

in Classical Studies, 1907).
See W. Gebhard, Pankultus (Brunswick, 1872) ; P. Wetzel, De Jove et Pane dis arcadicis (Breslau, 1873); W. Immerwahr, Kulte et Mythen Arkadiens (1891), vol. i., and V. Berard, De l'Origine des cultes arcadiens (1894), who endeavour to show that Pan is a sun-god (4av, 4'alvu) ; articles by W. H. Roscher in Lexikon der Mythologie and by J. A. Hild in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des Anti-guiles.; E. E. Sikes in Classical Review (1895), ix. 70; O. Gruppe, GriechischeMythologie (1906), vol. ii.

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